UC-NRLF 


^B    21    ?^3 


CO 


A  CONCISE    EXPOSITION 


OF    THE 


DOCTRIE^E    OF  ASSOCIATION, 


OR  PLAN  l^OR  A  RE-ORGANIZATION  OF  SOCIETY, 


WHICU  WILL  SECURE  TO  THE  HUMAN  RACE,  INDIVIDUALLY  AND  COLLECTIVELY, 
THEIR  HAPPINESS  AND  ELEVATION. 


(BASED  ON  FOURIER'S  THEORY  OF  DOMESTIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  ASSOCIATION.) 


BY  ALBERT  BRISBANE 


Our  Evils  are  Social,  not  Political,  and  a  Social  Reform  only  can  eradicate  them. 

"  The  last  of  crimes  which  is  forgiven,  is  that  of  announcing  new  Truths.'- 

Thomas's  Eulogium  os  Descartes. 

"  Not  through  hatred,  collision,  and  depressing  competition,  not  through  War,  whether  of  Nation  against 
Nation,  Class  against  Class,  or  Capital  against  Labor  ;  but  through  Union,  Harmony,  and  the  reconciling  of  all 
Interests,  the  giving  scope  to  all  noble  Sentiments  and  Aspirations,  is  the  Renovationof  the  World,  the  Elevation 
of  the  degraded  ami  suffering  Masses  of  Mankind,  to  be  sought  and  effected."  Greeley. 

*'  The  Error  of  Reformers  is  to  condemn  this  or  that  abuse  of  Society,  whereas  they  should  condemn  the 
whole  System  of  Society  itself,  which  is  a  circle  of  abuses  and  defects  throughout.  We  must  extricate  ourselves 
from  this  Social  Abyss."  Fourier. 


SECOND  EDITION. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

.\fi80ciation page  3 

Human  misery  and  necessity  of  a  Social  Reform     .         .     4 
Individual  property — Marriage  and  family  Ties— Religion  9 

Economics  of  Association 10 

Non-producers  in  Society 13 

PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION  OF  ASSOCIATION. 

Number  of  persons  required 15 

Contrast  between  Association  and  the  present  Social 

order — the  Domain — Location     . 
Defects  of  the  system  of  Isolated  Households 

General  Contrast 

Description  of  the  Edifice  of  an  Association 
Defects  of  the  present  system  of  Architecture 

spirit 

Chapter  to  Artists  .... 

Mode  of  living  and  public  tables 

Imaginary  obstacles  to  Association 

Elevation  and  Refinement  of  the  Mass 

System  of  property 

fode  of  investing  capital  in  Association    . 

Dity  of  interests  resulting  from  the  system  of  joint- 

^  stock  property  of  Association 


and  its 


33 


Impossibility  of  any  tyranny  of  Capital  in  Association      34 

Union  of  Capital  and  Labor 36 

Scientific  foundation  of  the  system  of  property  .        38 

Attractive  Industry 40 

Groups  and  Series 43 

Branches  of  Industry  to  be  prosecuted  .  .  .  .61 
Adaptation  of  the  Groups  and  Series  to  Human  Nature    53 

Individual  accounts 57 

Division  of  profits 58 

Reason  for  the  Division  of  Profits  between   Labpr, 

Capital  and  Skill 61 

The  Sacred  Legion         ...  ...     62 

Guaranty  of  an  ample  sufficiency        ^         ...        64 
System  of  Education      .......    64 

System  of  internal  Government  .        .        .         .71 

Means  of  spreading  Association  and  rendering  it  uni- 
versal        73 

Cities  in  the  Combined  Order 74 

Commercial  Cities  and  Commerce  .  .  .  .75 
Prejudices  of  the  world  against  Association  .  .  76 
Proposals  for  organizing  an  Association  .  .  .77 
Constitution  or  Articles  of  Agreement  of  the  North 

American  Phalanx 79 

Memoir  of  Fourier,  on  .        .        ,        .    Cover 


TO   THE   READER. 


The  present  systsiw  of  Soeicty  i»  evidently  false  and 
defective  :',  tlfi^'vve  tefvevelia^abiinif^Titly  proved  by  the  fact 
that  Evil  ami  Misery  under  innumeraole  forms — moral  and 
jT.ateriaf— lare.uiavwfaHj'prcvalcEt  i»  Stjci^ty,  harassing 
Arid  bl'ig'itiJ>.g'i9|a'greatQifoifless*cxJ;e^t  tlie«existence  of 
'all  •,clits&V«-«-  the"  K,icK  ds  v/eH  as  ths  P»oi^  Although  this 
misery  and' evil 'arc*  not  s'o  Snt(fn^e'  nor  s(J  gloomy  in  our 
country  as  in  the  more  populous  Nations  of  the  old  World, 
still  they  exist  to  a  melancholy  extent ;  and  hero  at  least 
they  cannot  be  attributed  to  political  causes — to  the  Gov- 
ernment or  the  administration — and  this  proves  conclu- 
sively that  the  Evils  which  afflict  Society  are  Social,  not  Po- 
litical, and  that  a  Social  Reform  only  can  eradicate  them. 

It  is  time  tliat  this  Truth,  as  absolute  in  its  cliaracter 
as  a  mathematical  problem,  was  generally  felt  and  under- 
stood, and  that  it  was  acted  upon  by  the  People  and  the 
Leaders  of  the  People,  as  it  must  be  if  they  wish  to  attain 
a  bettor  and  a  happier  condition  of  Society.  Political  Re- 
forms liave  done  for  the  People  of  the  United  States  all  that 
they  can  do  under  any  circumstances  for  any  Nation,  and 
to  hope  to  elevate  Man,  and  secure  him  his  happiness  by 
acting  on  the  Government  or  administration,  while  the 
Organization  of  Society  itself  is  all  false  and  defective,  is 
an  expectation  as  vain  and  delusive  as  it  is  puerile  and 
absurd.  Tlie  grand  and  comprehensive  question  of  a 
Social  Reform,  proposed  to  the  World  by  Fourier  and 
his  disciples,  should  be  examined  and  discussed.  Human 
suffering  appeals  for  alleviation,  and  justice  demands  im- 
periously that  the  call  should  be  heard  by  those  who  have 
the  power  and  the  means  to  aid  in  effecting  a  reform  that 
will  go  to  the  foundation  of  Social  Evil  and  eradicate  it 
effectually.  The  great  work  of  Social  Renovation  should 
bo  undertaken  in  earnest,  and  with  a  sacred  devotion  by 
all  who  hope  for  a  better  future  for  themselves  or  for  Hu- 
manity. 

Society,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  based  upon  prin- 
ciples which  in  their  operation  misemploy,  misdirect  and 
pervert  the  faculties  and  passions  of  man,  and  defeat  all  the 
ends  and  iiopes  of  life.  It  is  based  upon  the  principle  of 
isolation,  of  separation  of  man  from  his  fellow-nmn,  upon 
individual  effort,  and  envious  strife  and  anarchical  compe- 
tition, upon  selfishness,  distrust,  ant;igonism,  over-reach- 
ing, fraud  and  injustice,  upon  the  conflict  of  all  interests, 
and  upon  universal  duplicity  of  action.  There  is  no  com- 
bination or  Unity  ;  no  harmony  of  action,  of  interests,  or  of 
feeling ;  no  connection  or  association.  Every  family  has, 
for  example,  a  separate  house,  a  separate  interest,  sepa- 
rate hopes,  and  a  separate  welfare  to  attain :  it  is  in 
conflict  with  most  of  the  families  around  it,  eager  to  de- 
tract from  their  prosperity  to  add  to  its  own,  instead  ct 
seeking  to  unite  with  them  to  advance  by  their  combined 
efforts  their  mutual  welfare  and  happiness 

A  Social  Order,  governed  by  such  principles,  must,  it  is 
evident,  be  opposed  to  Reason,  to  Justice  and  to  Truth, 
and  should  be  reformed. 

We  advocate  a  Social  Order  based  upon  the  principle  of 
Association — of  Union  between  Man  and  his  fellow-man — 
upon  Unity  and  Harmony  of  Interests — upon  generous  De- 
votion, Confidence  and  Love — upon  Kindness  and  Justice — 
and  upon  perfect  Liberty  and  Independence,  with  Law  and 
Order. 

We  believe  the  broad  and  comprehensive  principle  of 
Association  to  be  the  Divine  Law  for  the  government  of 
Human  Societies,  and  that  a  Social  Order,  based  upon  this 
principle,  is  the  true  and  natural  System  of  Society.  In 
support  of  this  opinion  we  adduce  the  following  reasons  : 

1st.  Association  is  the  source  of  all  Economy,  and 
Economy  being  a  primary  principle  in  Nature  and  every 
true  Mechanism,  it  follows  that  Economy  must  be  a  fun- 
damental principle  in  a  true  Social  Organization.  The 
reader  will  be  convinced,  by  an  examination  of  the  Chap- 
ter on  Economies,  (page  10,)  and  the  chapter  entitled 
"Contrast  between  Association  and  the  present 
Social  Order,"  (page  16,)  that  the  present  System  of 
Society  is  full  of  waste  and  incoherence,  and  that  the  Asso- 
ciated or  Combined  Order  will  be  productive  of  gigantic 
economies. 

2d.  Association  is  the  source  of  Unity :  Unity  is  an- 
other primary  principle  in  Nature,  and  is  essential  to  the 
maintenance  of  order  and  concord.  Association  will  secure 
unity  of  material  or  temporal  interests,  and  unity  of  moral 
sentiments,  unity  of  action  in  the  sphere  of  industrial  and 
political  affairs,  unity  of  hal)its,  manners  and  language,  and 
unity  of  Education.  (By  Unity  we  do  not  mean  uniformity, y 
but  variety  in  order  and  harmony.)  An  examination  of  the 
Chapter  explanntory  of  the  "  System  of  Property," 
(page  30,)  and  of  that  upon  the  "  Union  of  Capital  and 
Labor,"  (page  36,)  and  the  "System  of  Education," 
(page  64,)  will  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  some  of  the  Uni- 
ties of  Association,  which  are  the  foundation  of  Social 
Harmony. 


The  principle  of  Unity  is  employed  universally  by  God 
in  all  his  works  and  creations,  and  whenever  it  does  not 
exist  (and  it  does  not  sometimes,  temporarily,  in  the  ope- 
rations of  beings  to  whom  the  Creator  assigns  free  will  and 
independent  action,)  his  spirit,  or  the  law  of  divine  order 
does  not  govern,  and  there  is  derangement  and  subversion* 
Y  accompanied  by  discord  and  evil. 

V^        3d.  Association  is  the  source  of  all  sociability,  of  friendly 

union,  and  of  social  affection  ;  and  as  man  is  by  nature  a 

.  ^  social  being,   he   requires,  and  should  form,  the   largest 

>  social  unions  possible,  and  numerous  and  varied  social  ties 

with   his   fellow-men.     The   present  system  of  society  is 

v^  based  upon  the  smallest  possible  social  union— that  of  a 

single  family  in  a  separate  house  by  themselves.     A  true 

Social  Order  should  be  based  upon  large  Associations  of 

about  eighteen  hundred  persons  or  three   hundred  families, 

and  not  upon  small  Associations  of  six  or  eight  individuals. 

or  single  families.  ^^ 

The  present  state  of  general  isolation  and  the  separation 
of  all  interests,  which  are  productive  of  universal  conflict 
and  distrust,  smother  the  social  sympathies,  and  break  up 
nearly  all  social  ties  but  one— the  family  tie  or  the  tic  of 
blood — and  even  this  tie  in  many  cases  does  not  escape. 

4th.  The  institutions  and  tendencies  of  the  Associated 
or  Combined  Order  are  in  perfect  harmony  witji  tlie  highest 
conceptions  of  truth,  justice  and  love  entertained  in  theory 
by  the  world,  and  which  are  embodied  in  the  doctrines  of 
Christ.  Association  will  establish  Christianity  practically 
upon  Earth.  It  will  make  the  love  of  God  and  the  love  of 
the  neighbor  the  greatest  desire,  and  the  practice  of  all 
men.  Temptation  to  wrong  will  be  taken  from  the  paths 
of  men,  and  a  thousand  perverting  and  degrading  circum- 
stances and  influences  will  be  purged  from  the  social  world. 
So  perfectly  are  the  Institutions  of  tlie  Combined  Order 
adapted  to  the  human  heart,  and  calculated  to  develop  and 
expand  the  higher  sentiments,  and  to  insure  the  practice  of 
truth,  that  man  in  loving  his  neighbor  as  himself  and  doing 
toward  him  as  he  would  be  done  by,  will  secure  his  own 
good  and  happiness.  This  is  touched  upon  in  the  Chaptei 
entitled  "  Unity  of  Interests,"  (page  33.) — In  the 
Chapters  headed  "  Sacred  Legion,"  and  "  Guarantee 
of  an  Ample  Sufficiency,"  (pages  62  and  ()4,)  will  be 
found  descriptions  of  Institutions  corresponding  to  and 
based  upon  some  of  the  precepts  of  Christ. 

Christianity  has  been  grafted  upon  and  developed  in  the 
antique  Pagan  Society — that  is,  the  Greek  and  Roman 
Civilization — which  social  organization,  with  slight  su- 
perficial modifications,  has  been  continued  down  to  the 
present  time,  and  constitutes  what  is  called  Modern  Civili- 
zation, jf^  the  Pagan  Religion  had  a  multiplicity  of  gods, 
so  the  Pagan  Society  had  a  multiplicity  of  Interests,  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  Households,  with  different  castes  and  classes, 
and  was  based  upon  disorder  and  conflict,  and  sustained  by 
violence,  injustice  and  oppression. 

A  God  of  love,  a  Universal  Father,  the  Unity  of  the  Hu- 
man Race,  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Human  fimily,  the 
Equality  of  Mankind  before  God,  the  law  of  charity  and 
love,  and  peace  on  earth  and  good  will  to  men,  were  pro- 
claimed by  Christ  in  an  era  of  Pagan  discord,  carnage  and 
servitude,  and  universal  subversion  of  the  law  of  right  and 
truth;  and  these  great  doctrines,  for  the  first  time  an- 
nounced to  the  world,  should  have  led  to  the  establishment 
of  a  New  Social  Order  by  the  followers  of  Christ,  in 
which  they  could  have  been  realized  in  practice.  But  the  In- 
stitutions of  the  old  Social  World  of  conflict,  of  war,  of  isola- 
tion and  discord,  were  so  strongly  and  deeply  rooted  that 
they  have  as  yet  resisted  the  renovating  doctrine  of  the 
Prophet  of  Nazareth  and  the  professed  Faith  of  the  Chris- 
tian world. 

The  System  of  Society  propounded  by  Charles  FotJ- 
RiER,  and  which  we  are  now  laboring  to  realize  in  practice, 
is  based  upon  those  laws  of  Order  and  Harmony  which 
govern  the  Universe — the  divine  laws  of  Attraction  and  Re- 
pulsion, the  universality  of  which,  and  their  application  to 
the  Moral  government  of  Man,  as  well  as  the  Mechanical 
movement  of  Material  things,  were  first  discovered  by  that 
profound  genius.  This  new  Social  Order  will  form  a 
new  plane  on  which  the  highest  Truth  can  securely  rest, 
and  upon  which  Christianity  can  be  fully  and  truly  devel- 
oped. Man  will  there  be  surrounded  by  influences  that 
will  refine  and  elevate  him  to  a  high  standard  of  excel- 
lence, and  direct  him  rightly  in  his  earthly  career.  There 
he  will  fulfil  his  destiny,  and  accomplish  the  grand  objects 
of  his  creation. 

Let  those  who  are  seeking  earnestly  f^r  social  Truth, 
and  who  desire  sincerelv  the  elevation  and  happiness  of 
mankind,  examine  carefully  and  without  prejudice  the  sys- 
tem of  Association,  unfolded  in  the  following  pages,  and 
they  must  and  will  become  its  friends  and  advocates. 


ASSOCIATION. 


ASSOCIATION. 


An  Association  is  an  assemblage  of  persons  (from 
four  to  eighteen  hundred)  united  voluntarily 
for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  with  order  and 
unity  the  various  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and 
Science,  in  which  they  engage  ;  and  of  direct- 
ing their  efforts,  energies  and  talents,  in  the 
best  way  for  the  Happiness  and  Elevation  of  the 
whole. 

'  God  is  the  Ruler  of  the  moral  as  well  as  of  the 
material  world.  He  has  not  given  us  faculties 
and  passions  at  random,  and  with  the  chance  of 
their  being  eternally  in  conflict;  on  the  contrary, 
he  has  created  them  with  infinite  wisdom  and 
foresight,  and  adapted  them  to  a  System  of  So- 
ciety, pre-existing  in  his  Intelligence,  in  which 
they  would  produce  the  most  beautiful  Order 
and  Harmony.  The  essential  task  of  human 
Genius  is  to  discover  this  system  of  Society,  as 
it  has  discovered  Astronomy,  Chemistry,  and 
other  positive  Sciences,  and  establish  it  on 
earth  :  so  long  as  this  task  is  not  fulfilled,  false 
societies  will  exist,  in  which  the  passions  wiU 
be  deranged  and  perverted  in  their  action,  and 
Man  will  be  sunk  in  "  crime  and  misery,  and 
depravity  and  slavish  degradation." 


ASSOCIATION  is  the  SOCIAL  DESTINY 
of  Man— is  the  true  and  natural  system  of 
Society,  predestined  for  him  by  the  Creator, 
and  will,  when  established  upon  earth,  secure 
to  him  4kzt  happiness  for  which  he  has  so 
long  sought  in  vain,  and  the  elements  of  which 
exist  in  and  around  him — in  the  beautiful  cre- 
ations of  material  Nature,  and  in  the  noble 
faculties  and  sentiments  with  which  God  has 
endowed  him.  ,     - 

This  true  and  natural  System  of  Society 
cannot  be  established  at  once ;  it  must  be  a 
gradual  work,  and  before  it  can  become  uni- 
versal, the  truth  and  goodness  of  its  Principles 
must  be  demonstrated  practically  and  upon  a 
small  scale.  For  that  reason  a  commence- 
ment must  be  made  with  a  single  Association, 
which  will  show  its  immense  advantages- 
show  the  happiness  and  prosperity  which  it 
will  secure  to  man,  and  lead  to  a  general 
adoption. 

We  shall  explain  the  laws  and  mechanism 
of  this  single  Association,  which  is  the  germ 
or  primary  element  of  the  System  of  Society 
which  we  advocate,  as  the  village  or  town- 
ship is  the  germ  or  primary  element  of  the 
present  System  of  Society.  A  county,  as  we 
know,  is  composed  of  townships,  a  state  of 
counties,  and  the  United  States  of  states; 
thus,  the  United  States  is  but  a  repetition  of 
townships.  Now,  if  the  township  be  falsely 
organized — that  is,  if  the  families  composing 
it,  live  according  to  a  false  system ;  if  there 
be  conflicts  of  interests,  opposition,  discord, 
waste  and  poverty  among  them,  then  the 
whole  body  politic,  composed  of  these  falsely 


organized  townships,  will  contain  all  their 
defects,  and  discord,  injustice,  poverty,  and 
the  numerous  evils  which  they  engender,  will 
exist  universally.  But  if  we  can  organize  the 
townships  rightly,  so  that  unity  of  interests, 
concert  of  action,'  vast  economies  and  general 
riches  will  be  attained,  then,  in  spreading 
these  rightly  organized  townships,  and  ren- 
dering them  general,  a  Social  Order  will  be 
gradually  established,  in  which  peace,  pros- 
perity and  happiness  will  be  secured  to  all. 

The  great  and  primary  object  which  we 
have  in  view  is,  consequently,  to  effect  the 
establishment  of  one  Association,  which  will 
exhibit  practically  the  great  economies,  the 
riches,  the  order  and  unity  of  the  system,  and 
serve  as  a  model  for,  and  lead  to  the  founding 
of  others. 

We  shall  explain  the  laws  and  mechanism 
of  this  one  Association,  and  we  will  remark 
that  in  so  doing,  we  shall  explain  the  whole 
System  of  Society  which  we  seek  to  establish, 
the  same  as  in  explaining  the  physiological 
laws  of  one  Individual,  we  explain  those  of 
the  whole  Human  Race. 

The  system  of  Association  which  we  pro- 
pose to  the  world,  is  not  the  plan  or  scheme 
of  an  individual ;  it  is  not  the  invention  of 
mere  human  reason,  like  so  many  political 
systems  which  have  been  established,  from 
the  Republic  of  Lycurgus  down  to  our  modern 
Democracies.  It  is  deduced  from  and  based 
upon  universal  Principles,  and  is  the  applica- 
tion to  the  social  relations  of  Mankind  of  the 
laws  of  Order  and  Unity,  which  govern  the 
Universe. 

Fourier  discovered  the  laws  of  UNIVER- 
SAL UNITY,  or  the  laws  which  govern 
Creation  in  its  five  grand  Spheres  or  Move- 
ments, which  are:  1st,  the  Material 
Movement,  or  the  laws  which  govern  the 
movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  or  univer- 
sal Matter;  2d,  the  Aromal,  or  the  laws 
which  regulate  the  distribution  and  influences 
of  the  imponderable  fluids  on  the  kingdoms 
of  Creation — animal,  vegetable  and  mineral ; 
3d,  the  Organic,  or  the  laws  according  to 
which  God  distributes  forms,  properties,  co- 
lors, flavors,  etc.  to  all  created  things ;  4th, 
the  Instinctual,  or  the  laws  according  to 
which  God  distributes  instincts  and  passions ; 
and  lastly,  the  Social,  or  the  laws  which 
govern  the  succession  and  mechanisms  of  the 
societies  of  intelligent  Beings  throughout  the 
Universe.  ^  "7 

From  a  knowledge  of  these  laws  of  Uni- 
versal Unity,  Fourier  deduced  the  true  and 
natural  system  of  society,  destined  for  Man, 
and  which,  when  realized  in  practice,  will 
produce  social  Order  and  Harmony  upon  the 
globe — a  reflex  of  the  Harmony  which  reigns 
in  the  Universe.  Throughout  his  works,  he 
declares  that  he  gives  no  system  or  plan  of 
his  own ;  he  claims  the  merit  only  of  having 
discovered  the  system  of  Nature,  which  will 
secure  to  Mankind  as  many  blessings  as  the 
false  social  Institutions,  set  up  by  human  rea- 
son, have  entailed  upon  them  miseries  and  , 
misfortunes.    M'i 'Ai^fHU) 


NECESSITY   OF   SOCIAL   REFORM. — ^HUMAN   MISERY. 


UNIVERSAL 
UNITY. 


"  The  Social  Order,"  says  the  London  Pha- 
lanx, (a  Magazine  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
Association,)  "  deduced  from  the  Science  of 
Universal  Unity,  is  based  on  the  three  pri- 
mary Unities  which  compose  the 

f  Unity  of  Man  with  God 
I      in  true  Religion. 

Unity  of  Man  with  Man 
in  true  Society. 

Unity  of  Man  with  Na- 
I  ture,  in  creative  Art 
[     and  Industry. 

"In  practice,  it  resolves  itself  into  the  Mo- 
ral, the  Artistic,  and  the  Scientific  spheres  of 
action." 

"  In  Morals,  friendly  unity,  conjugal  unity, 
family  unity,  and  hierarchal  unity." 

"  In  Art,  scenic  beauty,  musical  harmony, 
nutritive  excellence,  fragrant  purity,  and  com- 
fortable homes." 

"  In  Science,  critical  understanding  and 
well-founded  hope,  inventive  energy  and  ge- 
nuine faith,  variety  of  information,  liberty  of 
conscience,  toleration  of  opinion,  and  true  cha- 
rity in  action." 

"  This  is  what  we  wish  to  realize  in  Uni- 
tary Combination ;  and  both  Faith  and  Science 
say,  '  It  can  be  done ;  and  shall !  and  soon !' " 

Before  concluding  these  general  remarks, 
let  us  particularly  request  the  reader  not  to 
confound  the  system  of  Association,  discovered 
by  Fourier,  with  the  trials  made  by  the  Sha- 
kers, Rappites  and  others,  nor  with  the  system 
devised  by  Mr.  Owen.  The  views  of  the  latter 
have  excited  in  the  public  mind  the  strongest 
prepossessions  against  the  magnificent  pro- 
blem of  Association,  and  raised  up  most  se- 
rious obstacles  to  its  impartial  examination. 
The  errors  of  individuals,  however,  should  be 
carefully  separated  from  so  grand  and  impor- 
tant a  subject,  and  to  condemn  Association 
because  Mr.  Owen  has  advocated  a  commu- 
nity of  property  or  attacked  religion,  shows  a 
want  of  impartiality  and  discrimination  which 
no  reflecting  mind,  we  hope,  will  be  guilty  of 


NECESSITY  OF  A  SOCIAL  REFORM.        measures. 


investigation  of  the  system,  which  we  advcK 
cate,  be  entered  into. 

If  we  look  around  us,  we  see  numerous  Par- 
ties, laboring  isolated) y  to  carry  out  various 
reforms — political,  administrative,  currency, 
abolition,  temperance,  moral,  &c.  &;c. — which 
proves.  First,  the  depth  and  extent  of  the  evil 
that  preys  upon  Society,  and  Second,  the  ne- 
cessity of  a  fundamental  Reform,  which  will 
attack  that  evil  at  its  root  and  eradicate  it  ef- 
fectually, instead  of  lopping  off  a  few  branch- 
es. If  the  plan  of  such  a  reform  has  really 
been  discovered,  how  worthy  of  the  candid 
examination  of  every  being,  whose  Soul  burns 
with  a  desire  to  see  poverty  and  misery  ban- 
ished from  the  earth,  and  who  feels  a  sacred 
pride  for  the  happiness  and  elevation  of  his 
Race! 

To  meet  and  disarm  fears  and  suspicions 
which  may  arise  in  the  conservative  Mind, 
we  will  hasten  to  state  that  the  reform  we  con- 
template, although  fundamental  in  its  charac* 
ter,  is  not  destructive,  but  constructive ;  it  will 
not  tear  down,  but  build  up;  it  will  respect 
what  is  true  and  good  in  Society,  and  will 
change  quietly  and  by  substitution,  what  is 
false  and  defective ;  it  will  violate  no  rights, 
injure  no  class;  it  will  not  impoverish  the 
Rich  to  enrich  slightly  the  Poor;  it  will  not 
change  the  victims  of  poverty  and  misery,  but 
will  improve  and  elevate  the  condition  of  all, 
without  taking  from  any.  It  can  moreover 
be  tried  on  a  small  scale,  and  it  will  only- 
spread,  when  practice  has  shown  its  superiori- 
ty over  the  present  system.  Unlike  political 
reforms,  which,  to  effect  the  smallest  change 
of  policy,  agitate  and  often  convulse  a  whole 
country,  and  array  one  half  of  the  People 
against  the  other  half,  it  will  not  affect  a  space 
as  large  as  a  township  and  but  a  few  hundred 
persons,  and  will  not  extend  beyond  these  nar- 
row limits  unless  its  advantages — practically 
demonstrated — excite  a  strong  and  general 
approbation  in  its  favor. 

To  show  the  necessity  of  a  Social  Reform, 
we  will  glance  at  the  misery  which  exists 
upon  earth;  its  extent,  depth,  and  intensity 
prove  that  political  and  other  partial  reforms 
can  effect  but  little  permanent  good,  and  that 
recourse  must  be  had  to  new  and  thorough 


Should  not  true  Reliarion  influence  those  who 
have  both  wealth  and  power  to  save  Humanity 
from  crime  and  misery,  and  depravity  and  sla- 
vish degradation  ?  And  should  not  men  in 
power  aspire  to  sometliin<^  higher  than  low  self- 
ish ease  and  personal  aggrandizement  at  the  ex- 
pense of  living  souls  in  languor  and  despon- 
dency 1  DOHERTY. 


HUMAN  MISERY. 


WiTEN  new  views  and  principles  are  put 
forth,  they  invariably  meet  with  the  opposi- 
tion and  condemnation  of  the  great  majority 
of  men,  no  matter  how  good  or  true  they  may 
be,  or  how  important  the  results  which  they 
promise  to  realize.  Against  this  procedure 
we  protest,  and,  in  behalf  of  suffering  Humani- 
ty, we  ask  that  preconceived  notions  and  pre- 
judices as  well  as  hasty  criticism  be  for  a  time 
laid  aside,  and  an  impartial  and  conscientious 


God  sees  in  the  Human  Race  but  one  great 
Family,  all  the  niemhers  of  which  have  a  rig^ht 
to  his  favors  ;  He  designs  that  they  shall  all  be 
happy  together,  or  else  no  one  People  shall  en- 
joy Happiness.  FouRiEK. 

A  Lawyer  addressed  Christ,  sayin?.  Master, 
what  shall  I  do  to  inherit  eternal  Life  1 

Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all 
thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  stren?i.h,  and  with 
all  thy  mind,  AND  THY  NEIGHBOR  AS 
THYSELF. 

(Neighbor,  in  the  sense  used  by  Christ,  means 
every  member  of  the  Family  of  Man.) 


If  we  look  abroad  over  the  earth  and  exaip- 
ine  the  condition  of  the  Human  Race  upon  it, 


HUMAN  MISERY. 


what  do  we  see  1    A  spectacle  at  which  the 
soul  shudders.    A  large  majority  of  our  fellow- 
creatures  are  slaves,  serfs  or  poor  hired  la- 
borers, toiling  from  fear  of  the  lash  or  tear  ot 
want  to  obtain  a  miserable  subsistence,  or  to 
produce  the  means  of  supporting  a  favored 
few  in  luxurv  and  idle  ease.     Discords  and 
hatreds  are  rife  among  them,  and  the  darkest 
selfishness  benumbs  their  hearts  and  renders 
them  indifferent  to  each  other's  misery.  There 
are  millions  upon  millions  of  beings,  who  are 
now  suffering  everv  variety  of  physical  wretch- 
edness and  moral  'wo ;  there  are  hearts  that 
are  torn  with  care  and  anxiety— bodies  that 
are  worn  out  with  overburthening  toil ;  there 
are  multitudes  of  miserable  wretches  immured 
in  gloomy  prisons  and  dungeons,  expiating  by 
sufiering  and  ignominy,  crimes  into  which 
they  were  plunged  by  poverty,  ignorance  and 
other  circumstances  over  which  they  had  no 
control— far  less  culpable  in  many  cases  than 
the  false  Society  which  exposed  them  to  be- 
come outcasts  and  criminals ;  there  are  other 
multitudes  of  beings  buried  in  dismal  and  suf- 
focating mines,  toiling  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth  with  the  dim  lamp,  the  pick-axe  and 
the  wheelbarrow  for  their  only  companions ; 
there  are  members  of  the  human  family,  who, 
at  this  moment,  are  mounting  the  bloody  scaf- 
fold, where  the  soul,  amidst  awful  horror  and 
despair,  is  to  be  tom  by  violence  asunder  from 
the  body,  and  launched  into  an  unknown  fu- 
ture.    All  these  varied  woes  and  miseries  ex- 
ist, and  there  are  living,  feeling  Souls  that 
must  undergo  them !  .        n  .     ■, 

The  affections  and  sympathies  of  the  heart 
are  also  outraged^nd  violated ;  there  are  pa- 
rents who  see  their  offspring  exposed  to  pri- 
vations which  they  cannot  alleviate,  or  led 
astray  by  the  temptations,  vices  and  crimes 
of  a  false  Society,  and  ingulfed  in  ruin. 
There  are  broken  friendships,  disappointed 
loves,  thwarted  ambitions,  and  other  mental 
sufferings  which  tongue  cannot  tell  and  lan- 
guage cannot  depict. 

The  surface  of  the  Earth  is  in  as  miserable 
a  condition  as  the  Race  upon  it.  Vast  deserts 
•and  marshes,  which  generate  pestilential 
winds  and  miasmatic  exhalations— the  source 
©f  the  most  frightful  diseases,  such  as  the 
plague,  the  cholera,  the  yellow  fever,  &c., 
and  wild  forests  and  plains,  inhabited  by  nox- 
ious reptiles,  and  savage  beasts  cover  at  least 
three-fourths  of  it.  The  portion  which  has 
been  brought  under  cultivation  is  but  miser- 
ably cultivated,  and  parts  are  devoted  to  the 
worst  of  purposes ;  here  we  see  regions  ex- 
hausted in  the  production  of  noxious  plants, 
like  the  poppy  and  tobacco,  which  are  grown 
to  furnish  mental  vacuity  and  idleness  with 
the  means  of  a  momentary  occupation  and 
excitement :  there  districts  planted  with  grain 
—not  to  sustain  life— but  to  be  converted  into 
a  poisonous  liquid,  which  may  afford  to  de- 
graded masses  a  brutal  exhilaration  with  its  at- 
tendants, folly,  disease  and  death.  Besides, 
whole  regions  have  been  devastated  by  fire 
and  sword,  and  remain  in  a  neglected  state — 
raonamenls  of  the  folly  and  madness  of  nations. 


Such  is  the  spectacle  which  a  general  view 
of  the  condition  of  the  Earth  and  the  Race 
upon  it,  presents  !  Does  it  not  call  for  some 
great  Reforms  ? 

It  will  be  declared  perhaps  that  our  remarks 
are  exaggerated,  but  it  is  not  so;  they  are  in 
fact  far  below  the  truth.  If  the  extent  and 
depth  of  human  Misery  are  not  felt  and  heeded, 
it  is  because  men  are  so  occupied  with  their 
own  little  projects  and  interests  that  they  can- 
not lend  a  thought  to  the  higher  concerns  and 
interests  of  Humanity,  and  because  in  our  so- 
cieties of  selfish  Individualism  and  narrow 
Nationality,  no  universal  and  generous  sympa- 
thies for  Mankind,  no  sentiment  for  their  col- 
lective welfare — a  sentiment  which  Christ  so 
strongly  inculcated — are  aroused  and  cherish- 
ed in  their  hearts. 

We  will  sustain  what  we  have  said  upon 
the  subject  of  human  misery  by  a  few  statis- 
tical details,  which  prove  that  exaggeration 
is  impossible. 

In  France,  out  of  a  population  of  thirty- 
three  millions,  twenty-two  millions  have, 
upon  an  average,  but  six  cents  a  day  each  to 
defray  all  expenses— food,  lodging,  clothing 
and  education.  What  general  and  abject  des- 
titution and  ignorance  must  exist  in  such  a 
state  of  things! 

If  we  examine  the  condition  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, which  is  the  richest  Nation  on  the  globe, 
we  shall  be  astonished  at  the  little  wealth 
which  she  comparatively  possesses.  In  1812 
there  were  in  England,  Wales  and  Scotland, 
as  the  returns  of  the  income-tax  showed,  but 
152,000  persons  possessing  an  income  of  above 
£50,  or  $240,  a  year ;  and  only  600  above 
£5000  a  year.  Mr.  Colquhoun  calculates  the 
present  number  of  persons  of  independent  for- 
tune in  Great  Britain— that  is,  of  persons  who 
can  live  without  daily  labor— at  47,000,  and 
including  bankers,  merchants  and  others  who 
unite  profits  of  business  with  interest  of  pro- 
perty, 60,000;  making,  with  their  families, 
300,000  persons  who  are  at  their  ease.  To  so 
small  a  number  is  the  wealth  of  Britain  con- 
fined !  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  16,800,000 
persons  living  by  their  daily  labor ;  the  pau- 
pers, criminals  and  vagrants  alone  amount  tt> 
1,800,000.  What  a  picture  of  collective  po- 
verty  does  this  great  Nation,  which  levies 
commercial  tribute  on  nearly  the  whole  globe, 
present ! 

In  Ireland,  out  of  a  population  of  8,000,000, 
every  third  person  experiences,  during  thirty 
weeks  of  the  year,  a  deficiency  of  even  third- 
rate  potatoes. 

In  Sicily,  an  island  so  highly  favored  by 
soil,  climate  and  position,  the  condition  of  the 
people  is  frightful.  Count  Gasparin,  Peer  of 
France,  in  speaking  of  the  present  state  of  its 
Agriculture  and  the  poverty  of  the  peasantry, 
says:  "When  the  crops  are  bad,  or  the  prices 
of  grain  are  low,  so  that  the  landholders  re- 
quire less  labor,  the  misery  of  the  country 
becomes  intense :  without  means  of  subsist- 
ence for  the  winter,  it  is  not  a  rare  thing  to 
find  peasants  starved  to  death  in  the  fields 
with  grass  in  their  mouths^  from  which  they 


i    1i-it' 


6 


HUMAN  MISERY. 


had    vainly   endeavored    to    draw    nourish- 
ment /" 

"  In  London,  one-tenth  of  the  whole  popu- 
lation are  paupers,  and  20,000  persons  rise 
every  morning  without  knowing  where  they 
are  to  sleep  at  night.  (If  we  add  to  the  pau- 
pers, the  thieves,  pickpockets  and  vagrants, 
the  number  of  outcasts  and  destitute  amounts 
to  230,000.)  In  Glasgow,  nearly  30,000  per- 
sons are  every  Saturday  night  in  a  state  of 
brutal  intoxication,  and  every  twelfth  house 
is  devoted  to  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits ;  in 
Dublin  60,000  persons  passed,  in  one  year, 
through  the  fever  hospital." — Alison  on  the 
Principles  of  Population. 

"  The  number  of  persons  charged  with  se- 
rious offences,  is  in  England  five  times  greater 
than  it  was  thirty  years  ago;  in  Ireland  six 
times,  but  in  Scotland  twenty-seven  times." 
—Ibid. 

Pauperism,  vice  and  the  repression  of  crime, 
cost  England  about  thirty  millions  of  pounds 
sterling  a  year — equal  to  the  whole  interest  of 
the  national  debt.  Could  a  Social  Order  be 
established  which  would  even  do  away  with 
the  grosser  kinds  of  vice  and  crime,  what  an 
immense  national  economy  it  would  be ! 

An  eminent  English  physician,  Dr.  Robert- 
son, sums  up  as  follows  the  evils  that  oppress 
the  working  population. 

"  Too  early  employment — too  long  employ- 
ment— too  much  fatigue — 7io  time  for  relaxa- 
tion— no  time  for  mental  improvement — no 
time  for  care  of  health — exhaustion — intem- 
perance— indifferent  food — sickness — prema- 
ture decay — a  large  mortality.^^ 

The  same  gentleman,  speaking  of  the  agri- 
cultural population,  says : — 

"  There  is  another  and  a  very  large  portion 
of  the  community,  whose  state,  though  often 
boasted  of,  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  more  favor- 
able to  the  preservation  of  perfect  life  and  body 
than  that  of  the  manufacturing  Poor.  I  mean 
the  Laboring  Poor  of  the  agricultural  districts. 
Their  extreme  poverty  and  their  constant  la- 
bor so  influence  them  that  a  majority — I  am 
sure  I  speak  within  bounds — have  never  the 
enjoyment  of  health  after  forty  years  of  age. 
A  thousand  times  in  the  course  of  dispensary 
practice,  I  have  felt  the  mockery  of  prescribing 
medicines  for  the  various  stomach  complaints 
to  which  they  are  liable,  and  which  are  the 
product  of  bad  food — insufficient  clothing — 
wearing  toil — and  the  absence  of  all  hope  of 
anything  better  in  this  world." 

"  The  peasant's  home  is  not  the  abode  of 
joy,  or  even  comfort.  No  'children  run  to 
lisp  their  sire's  return,  or  climb  his  knees  the 
envied  kiss  to  share.'  The  children  are  felt 
to  be  a  burthen,  ill-fed,  ill-clothed,  and  lying  on 
beds  worse  than  the  lower  animals ;  they  are 
ragged  or  clothed  by  charity ;  untaught  or 
taught  by  charity ;  if  sick,  cured  by  charity ; 
if  not  starved,  fed  by  charity." 

Dr.  Kay  gives  a  description  of  the  population 
employed  in  the  cotton  factories  of  Manches- 
ter, Leeds,  Glasgow,  and  other  large  manu- 
facturing towns,  which  shows  a  state  of  things 
tmly  frightful. 


*'  The  population,"  says  he,  "  is  crowded 
into  one  dense  mass,  in  cottages  separated 
by  narrow,  unpaved  and  almost  pestilential 
streets,  in  an  atmosphere  loaded  with  the 
smoke  and  exhalations  of  a  large  manufac- 
turing city.  They  are  engaged  in  an  em- 
ployment which  absorbs  their  attention,  and 
unremittingly  employs  their  physical  energies. 
They  are  drudges  who  watch  the  movements 
and  assist  the  operations  of  a  mighty  material 
force,  which  toils  with  an  energy  ever  uncon- 
scious of  fatigue.  The  persevering  labor  of 
the  operative  must  rival  the  mathematical 
precision,  the  incessant  motion  and  the  ex- 
haustless  power  of  the  machine.  *  *  ♦ 
*  *  *  Having  been  subject  to  the  pro- 
longed labor  of  an  animal — his  physical  energy 
wasted,  his  mind  in  supine  inaction — the  Ar- 
tisan has  neither  moral  dignity,  nor  intellectual 
nor  organic  strength  to  resist  the  seductions  of 
appetite.  Domestic  economy  is  neglected — 
domestic  comforts  are  unknown.  A  meal  of 
the  coarsest  food  is  prepared  with  heedless 
haste,  and  devoured  with  equal  precipitation. 
Home  has  no  other  relation  than  that  of  shelter 
— few  pleasures  are  there — it  chiefly  presents 
to  him  a  scene  of  physical  exhaustion,  from 
which  he  is  glad  to  escape." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  account 
given  of  the  Glasgow  poor  by  an  intelligent 
observer,  Mr.  Symonds,  the  Government  Com- 
missioner for  examining  into  the  condition  of 
the  hand-loom  weavers : — 

"  The  wynds  of  Glasgow  comprise  a  fluc- 
tuating population  of  from  15,000  to  30,000 
persons.  This  quarter  consists  of  a  labyrinth 
of  lanes,  out  of  which  numberless  entrances 
lead  into  small  square  courts,  each  with  a 
dunghill  reeking  in  the  centre.  Revolting  as 
was  the  outward  appearance  of  these  places, 
I  was  little  prepared  for  the  filth  and  destitu- 
tion within.  In  some  of  these  lodging-rooms, 
(visited  at  night,)  we  found  a  whole  lair  of 
human  beings  littered  along  the  floor,  some- 
times fifteen  or  twenty,  some  clothed  and 
some  naked — men,  women,  and  children,  hud- 
dled promiscuously  together.  Their  bed  con- 
sisted of  a  layer  of  musty  straw  intermixed 
with  rags.  There  was  generally  little  or  no 
furniture  in  these  places ;  the  sole  article  of 
comfort  was  a  fire.  Thieving  and  prostitution 
constituted  the  main  sources  of  revenue  of  this 
population." 

If  we  had  space  to  enter  fully  into  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  condition  of  European  populations, 
we  could  present  statistical  facts  that  would 
reveal  a  depth  and  intensity  of  misery  that  is 
appalling  to  contemplate. 

We  hold  up  these  pictures  of  desperate  and 
brutalizing  wretchedness,  that  those,  who  ne- 
ver reflect  upon  or  examine  into  the  subject, 
may  for  once  see  what  their  poor  and  suffer- 
ing fellow-creatures  are  enduring,  in  countries 
the  most  Civilized  and  Christian. 

It  will  be  declared  by  a  majority  of  persons 
that  the  People  of  the  United  States  at  least 
are  well  off,  and  if  so,  why  trouble  themselves 
with  other  countries  ?  It  is  considered  per- 
fectly right  and  natural,  as  well  as  Christian, 


HUMAN   MISERY. 


to  have  no  feeling  but  for  those  immediately 
connected  with  us ;  but  the  truth  is,  that  the 
People  of  this  country  are  not  so  well  off  as 
the  press  and  political  leaders  would  persuade 
them :  an  immense  amount  of  poverty,  suf- 
fering, vice  and  crime  exists,  which  is  gra- 
dually increasing,  and  which  should  urge  them 
to  action,  instead  of  remaining  satisfied  with 
useless  and  selfish  comparisons. 

If  the  mass  of  the  population  in  the  United 
States  is  better  off  physically  than  in  Europe, 
it  is  because  there  is  an  immense  extent  of 
soil  and  a  thin  population,  and  because  ma- 
chinery cannot  be,  or  at  least  has  not  yet  been, 
applied  to  agriculture,  in  which  a  vast  amount 
of  labor  is  required.  But  we  are  moving  on- 
ward to  the  misery  of  the  old  World;  our 
present  prosperity  is  temporary,  and  the  great 
object  which  we,  as  a  People,  should  have  in 
view,  is  to  take  advantage  of  our  favorable 
position,  and  effect  peacefully  a  Social  Reform 
before  we  sink  into  the  poverty  and  ignorance 
in  which  Europe  is  plunged. 

We  have  no  statistical  details  of  misery  in 
the  United  States,  but  we  will  hazard  a  few 
general  remarks,  which  we  think  are  far  be- 
low the  truth.  Leaving  three  millions  of 
slaves,  or  one-sixth  of  the  population  of  the 
country,  out  of  the  account,  there  are  of  the 
remaining  fifteen  millions  of  beings,  not  less 
than  three  or  four  millions  in  a  state  of  com- 
parative or  extreme  destitution.  We  are  confi- 
dent that  this  is  not  an  over-estimate,  although 
the  number  of  actual  paupers  and  habitual 
beggars  may  not  exceed  half  a  million.  But 
when  we  add  to  these  the  vast  army  of  con- 
firmed drunkards,  who,  with  glassy  eyes, 
burning  brows  and  shaking  Ijjjees,  are  reeling 
on  the  downward  road  to  ruin,  with  their  de- 
pendent wives  and  children,  subsisting  from 
hand  to  mouth.  Heaven  only  knows  how — a 
daily  repetition  of  the  miracle  of  the  loaves 
and  fishes,  save  that  the  baskets  of  fragments 
are  omitted — the  wives  and  children  of  habi- 
tual idlers,  loungers,  reprobates  and  criminals 
— the  families  of  the  crippled  and  diseased — 
of  poor  widows  and  persons  out  of  employ- 
ment, and  the  aggregate  of  human  suffering 
from  absolute  want  is  frightful.  Who  can 
estimate  it? 

What  are  the  Statesmen  of  the  world  doing 
to  remedy  these  complicated  evils  and  mise- 
riei,  which  afflict  all  Nations  ? 

Ih  Ireland,  O'Connell  and  his  party  wish  a 
National  Parliament,  believing  that  it  would 
be  a  remedy  for  the  intense  wretchedness  in 
which  that  unfortunate  country  is  plunged. 
In  England  they  have  a  National  Parliament, 
and  what  does  it  do  for  her  millions  of  over- 
worked and  famishing  operatives,  whose  suf- 
ferings are  not  exceeded  by  those  of  any  other 
population  of  Europe  ? 

In  France  the  Liberal  Party  is  laboring  to 
establish  universal  Suffrage  and  an  unrestrict- 
ed Liberty  of  the  Press,  indulging  in  the  de- 
lusive hope  that  the  right  of  voting  will  secure 
to  Masses,  who  have  an  income  of  but  six 
cents  a  day,  prosperity  and  happiness.  In  the 
United  States,  we  have  universal  Suffrage  and 


the  Liberty  of  the  Press,  and  as  they  have  not 
secured  happiness  to  the  People,  other  schemes 
and  projects,  equally  as  impotent,  occupy  the 
attention  of  political  Leaders. 

The  Democratic  Party  advocates  a  specie 
currency  and  the  abolishment  of  moneyed 
corporations,  contending  that  such  measures 
would  give  regularity  to  Industry,  open  a  broad 
field  to  individual  exertion,  and  bring  about  a 
state  of  general  prosperity.  In  France,  they 
have  a  specie  currency  and  no  banking  system, 
and  the  general  poverty  of  the  people  proves 
that  such  measures  can  by  themselves  effect 
no  good. 

The  Whig  Party,  on  the  other  hand,  advo- 
cates the  establishment  of  a  national  and 
local  Banks,  a  paper  currency  and  an  extended 
credit  system.  In  England  they  have  a  na- 
tional and  local  Banks  and  an  immensely  ex- 
tended credit  system,  and  no  where  are  the 
"  poor  sons  of  honest  Industry"  so  effectually 
robbed  of  the  fruits  of  their  labor,  and  so  sunk 
in  industrial  and  financial  bondage  and  servi- 
tude. 

Thus  Politicians  and  Statesmen,  in  different 
countries,  are  laboring  to  carry  out  partial  re- 
forms which  have  been  tried  practically  else- 
where, and  which,  as  experience  has  demon- 
strated over  and  over  again,  can  effect  no  great 
and  permanent  results. 

Political  reforms  operate  merely  on  the  sur- 
face of  society ;  they  cannot  go  to  the  root  of 
social  Evil,  and  eradicate  those  deeply  seated 
Miseries,  which  result  from  repugnant  and 
ill-requited  labor,  from  an  unjust  distribution 
of  profits,  from  false  and  anarchical  compe- 
tition in  trade  and  industry,  and  from  social 
institutions,  which  violate  and  outrage  in 
every  way  human  nature. 

Let  Politicians  be  called  upon  to  say  whe- 
ther their  wisest  measures,  their  plans  the 
best  matured,  would,  if  fully  and  faithfully 
carried  out,  remedy  a  tithe  of  the  manifold 
and  complicated  Evils  which  exist,  and  which 
blight  the  existence  of  so  many  of  our  fellow- 
creatures. 

Would  they  give  food  to  the  Hungry? 
shelter  to  the  Houseless  ?  clothes  to  the  Un- 
clad ?  Would  they  give  occupation  to  the 
destitute  Seekers  of  employment  ?  education 
to  the  Child  that  is  growing  up  in  ignorance  ? 
Would  they  relieve  the  toil-worn  Masses 
from  the  drudgery  and  anxieties  that  are 
wearing  them  out  m  body  and  soul  ?  Would 
they  correct  the  abuses  of  the  present  repug- 
nant, ill-requited  and  degrading  system  of 
Labor,  and  the  industrial  tyranny  Avhich  it 
entails  upon  the  Multitude?  Would  they 
check  the  extortions,  monopolies  and  frauds 
of  trade,  and  the  tricks  and  injustice  of  the 
law  ?  Would  they  prevent  ruinous  Compe- 
tition from  reducing  wages  to  starvation  point, 
and  obviate  the  frightful  effects  of  machinery, 
which  works  against  instead  of  for  the 
Mass?  Would  they  do  away  with  vice, 
crime  and  drunkenness,  and  the  temptations 
and  causes  of  despair,  which  seduce  men  into 
them  ?  In  short,  would  they  correct  effectu- 
ally any  of  the  materal  miseries  which  are 


8 


HITMAN  MISERIES. 


entailed  upon  the  Poor,  or  alleviate  the  moral 
woes  and  afflictions  which  shroud  _in  gloom 
the  existence  of  so  many  of  the  Rich,  who  are 
freed  from  want  and  worldly  care  ? 

No,  they  would  do  nothing  of  the  kind ; 
and  it  is  as  evident  as  that  the  sun  shines  in 
the  heavens,  that  a  Social  Reform  only  can 
effect  those  fundamental  changes,  which  are 
required  to  remedy  the  intense  and  compli- 
cated Evils  which  now  prey  upon  all  classes 
of  society. 

Men  of  talent  and  genius,  who  are  devoting 
your  energies  to  political,  administrative  and 
other  minor  Reforms,  examine  the  grand  ques- 
tion of  a  Social  Reform — so  much  more  vast, 
and  so  much  more  pregnant  with  great  re- 
sults !  Why  waste  your  powers  upon  ephe- 
meral projects,  which,  if  carried  out,  will 
eflfect  but  little  good,  and  will  soon  be  forgot- 
ten— sinking  into  oblivion  your  names  and 
your  efforts  ?  In  fifty  years  hence,  how  small 
will  the  question  of  a  sub-treasury  or  national 
bank  appear,  and  who  will  remember  the 
men  that  frittered  away  their  day  and  hour 
in  discussing  it  ?  When  the  broad  field  of  a 
Social  Reform,  which  spreads  out  so  far  be- 
yond the  narrow  field  of  political  reform,  lies 
open  before  you — when  a  Reorganization  of 
Society,  which  is  the  grandest  undertaking 
that  any  Age  can  offer,  calls  for  your  efforts, 
how  can  you  consent  to  labor  for  minor  and 
secondary  reforms,  which  disappear  for  the 
most  part  with  the  day  that  brings  them 
forth? 

If  a  Social  Reform  can  be  effected  which 
will  dignify  Industry  and  render  it  attractive — 
increase  immensely  production  or  real  wealth 
— secure  abundance  to  the  Poor  and  perma- 
nent prosperity  to  the  Rich — extend  the  re- 
fining and  elevating  influence  of  superior 
education  to  all — widen  the  sphere  of  intel- 
lectual existence,  and  combine  the  pleasures 
of  Art  and  Science  and  social  Life  with  the 
pursuits  of  useful  Industry,  how  desirable 
would  be  the  result,  and  how  worthy  of  the 
persevering  efforts  of  men  of  pure  motives 
and  exalted  ambition ! 

The  mind  of  Man  has  not  yet  elevated  itself 
to  the  Idea  of  undertaking  with  intelligence 
and  foresight  a  Social  Reform,  but  the  Age  is 
sufficiently  prepared  for  this  grand  Idea  to 
warrant  its  being  broached  and  discussed. 
The  World  has  run  through  and  accomplished 
those  various  minor  and  preliminary  reforms — 
political,  legislative,  judiciary,  &;c. — which 
first  occupy  the  attention  of  men,  and  there 
is  nothing  now  to  prevent  them  from  compre- 
hending, that  it  is  not  changes  in  the  Govern- 
ment, and  Administration,  or  on  the  surface  of 
society  that  are  required,  but  a  fundamental 
Reform  in  the  social  Organization  itself. 

Let  us  now  turn  from  these  general  consider- 
ations, and  cast  a  glance  at  the  condition  and 
tendency  of  things  in  our  own  land. 

The  history  of  the  United  States  proves 
practically  and  beyond  the  possibility  of  de- 
nial, that  political  and  administrative  reforms 
cannot  secure  to  the  People  Happiness  and 


Social  Elevation.  We  have  enjoyed  a  long 
period  of  peace ;  the  best  talent  of  the  coun- 
try has  been  devoted  to  Politics ;  various  par- 
ties— Federal  and  Democratic — have  had  the 
ascendency;  different  policies — Hamiltonian 
and  Jeffersonian— have  been  carried  out;  the 
labors  of  from  thirteen  to  twenty-six  State 
Legislatures,  of  a  National  Congress  and  an 
unshackled  Press,  have  been  devoted  to  the 
work  of  improvement,  and  after  all,  what  great 
results  have  been  attained  ?  Are  the  People 
happier?  are  they  more  elevated,  morally  and 
socially  ?  have  they  pleasing  and  encouraging 
prospects  before  them?  are  they  moving 
onward  toward  some  high  Destiny  which 
excites  enthusiasm?  No,  far  from  it;  real 
Evils,  such  as  collective  poverty  and  depen- 
dence, anxiety  for  the  future,  fluctuations  in 
trade  and  in  industry,  and  instability  in  politi- 
cal policy,  have  increased  and  with  marked 
rapidity. 

It  is  true  that  Commerce  has  been  greatly 
developed  and  extended,  but  it  has  been  in  so 
incoherent  and  disorderly  a  manner  that  vio- 
lent revulsions  have  every  few  years  taken 
place,  which  have  plunged  the  country  at  each 
period  into  the  greatest  distress,  and  entailed 
ruin  upon  all  classes  of  society.  Besides,  Com- 
merce prospers  in  proportion  to  the  amount 
of  profits  which  it  draws  from  productive  In- 
dustry— from  agriculture  and  manufactures, 
so  that  its  prosperity  is  a  very  deceptive  sign 
of  public  welfare. 

It  is  true,  also,  that  great  internal  Improve- 
ments have  been  carried  out,  but  how  inju- 
diciously and  wastefully  have  they  been  pro- 
secuted !  A  majority  of  them  are  unfinished 
and  pay  no  returns,  and  many  of  the  States 
that  have  undertaken  them,  have  become 
bankrupt — causing  the  ruin  of  thousands  of 
individuals,  who  loaned  them  their  money. 

The  great  achievement  of  the  country  is  its 
progress  in  Industry,  which  has  been  most 
rapid ;  vast  forests  have  been  cleared,  towns 
and  cities  built,  immense  lines  of  roads  made, 
vessels  and  steamboats  without  number  coiv- 
structed,  and  the  resources  of  the  countr}- 
wonderfully  developed. — But  this  great  move- 
ment is  not  to  be  ascribed  to  political  and 
legislative  action,  but  to  the  fact  that  the  en- 
ergies of  the  People,  instead  of  being  wasted 
in  war,  or  repressed  by  military  power,  as 
has  been  the  case  in  all  other  countries,  have 
been  directed  to  practical  Improvements  and 
the  development  of  Industry. 

This  great  industrial  Progress  is  worthy  of 
the  highest  praise  and  excites  admiration,  bat 
while  it  has  taken  place,  Social  Evils,  as  we 
said,  have  increased  and  with  surprising  rapid- 
ity. Our  anarchical  commercial  and  finan- 
cial system,  together  with  free  competition, 
which  is  exceeding  in  intensity  and  relentless- 
ness  all  bounds,  are  engendering  universal  dis- 
trust, antipathy,  selfishness  and  antagonism 
in  society,  and  contaminating  all  the  practical 
affairs  of  life  with  fraud,  injustice  and  double 
dealing. 

Competitive  strife  among  the  Laboring^ 
Classes,  which  arrays  them  in  hostility  against 


TNDIVroUAL  PROPERTY — MARRIAGE  AND  PAMILT  TIES — RELIGION. 


each  other,  and  machinery  in  the  hands  of  the 
few  which  works  against  them,  are  gradually 
reducing  the  price  of  wages  and  prolonging 
the  time  of  toil,  and  these  and  other  circum- 
stances prognosticate  for  them  a  future  of 
poverty  and  degrading  dependence.  Their 
condition  has  already  become  more  precari- 
ous ;  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  employment 
is  greater,  and  the  means  of  living  more  un- 
certain than  ever.  The  Mechanic  and  Labor- 
er can  no  longer  look  forward  as  in  former 
years  with  the  hope  of  securing  a  home  for 
old  age,  but  consider  themselves  fortunate  if 
they  can  satisfy  present  exigences  and  obtain 
the  means  of  subsistence  for  the  day. 

While  this  change  in  the  Social  condition 
of  the  Masses  has  been  going  on,  frauds  and 
revulsions  in  trade  and  finance  have  become 
more  frequent,  more  sweeping  and  unforeseen, 
spreading  ruin  among  the  Rich,  and  rendering 
them  extremely  insecure  intheir  possessions. 

Our  whole  system  of  Commerce  and  Indus- 
try has  become  a  round  of  killing  cares,  ha- 
rassing anxieties,  disgusts,  hopes  blasted,  and 
unforeseen  reverses  and  ruin.  The  business 
world  is  an  arena  of  conflicts,  overreaching 
and  fraud— a  school  for  the  most  callous  self- 
ishness and  duplicity ;  its  spirit  has  rendered 
business  tact,  craft  and  petty  cunning  the 
most  important  of  qualifications — made  the 
practice  of  truth  and  justice  impossible — de- 
graded the  higher  faculties  of  the  mind — sunk 
the  pursuits  of  Art,  Science  and  useful  Indus- 
try below  the  mere  ability  of  money-making — 
set  up  wealth  as  the  standard  of  excellence 
and  respectability,  and  rendered  its  acquisition 
a  mania,  to  which  all  the  higher  and  more 
noble  aims  of  life  are  sacrificed. 

Such  are  results  which  are  growing  out  of 
the  present  system  of  Society,  as  it  is  advan- 
cing to  maturity.  With  the  spectacle  of  them 
before  us,  should  we  remain  satisfied  with  the 
political,  administrative  and  other  partial  re- 
forms, which  occupy  public  attention,  or  un- 
dertake a  Social  Reform,  which  will  eradicate 
at  once  the  numerous  evils  which  the  present 
false  organization  of  Society  engenders  i 


INDIVIDUAL  PROPERTY— MARRIAGE 
AND  FAMILY  TIES— RELIGION. 


I  respect  the  dignity  of  Human  Nature. 

Channinq. 

All  CommBnity  of  Property  is  the  grave  of  indi- 
vidual Liberty. 

In  true  Association,  individual  Interests,  so  far 
from  being  mixed,  confounded,  sacrificed  or 
even  subjected  to  those  of  the  Mass  or  Commu- 
nity, should  remain  essentially  distinct ;  and 
individual  Will  should  act  for  the  greatest 
good  of  the  Whole,  without  being  violated  or 
constrained.  J.  Muibon. 

The  Love  of  God  will  become  in  this  new  Order 
the  most  ardent  Love  among  Men.     Fourier. 


As  we  cannot  explain  at  once  the  whole 
of  the  system  of  Association,  and  as  a  great 
many  prejudices,  aroused  by  the  promulga- 
tion of  agrarian  and  atheistical  doctrines,  may 


be  imputed  to  us,  we  deem  it  important  to 
make  the  following  explicit  declarations. 

1st.  Association  ivill  maintain  Individual 
PropertT/,  and  extend  its  right  and  the  means 
of  acquiring  it  to  every  member  of  society,  so 
that  no  one  will  be  subjected  to  galling  pecu- 
niary dependence.  The  petty  tyranny,  or 
vexatious  control  of  the  individual  over  the  in- 
dividual, which  exists  so  generally  at  present, 
and  which  is  the  most  odious  and  repulsive 
of  all  tyrannies,  is  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
great  majority  of  persons  possess  no  property 
in  their  own  right,  and  are  as  a  consequence 
pecuniarily  dependent.  We  may  safely  esti- 
mate that  not  one  person  out  of  ten  holds 
property  at  present,  so  that  as  a  general  rule 
Individual  Property  does  not  exist.  Associa- 
tion, with  its  immense  economies,  its  great 
productiveness,  and  the  guarantee  of  the 
choice  of  occupations  and  constant  employ- 
ment, will  enable  every  one  to  attain  fortune, 
or  at  least  a  handsome  competency. 

2d.  Association  will  maintain  the  Family 
and  Marriage  Ties;  for  they  exist  in  the  moral 
Nature  of  man,  and  any  system  which  would 
destroy  them,  betrays  an  utter  ignorance  of 
his  nature  and  true  social  principles.  Those 
ties  are  now  often  outraged  and  broken  by 
jarring  discords,  by  quarrelsome  ignorance, 
monotony,  tyranny,  drunkenness  and  other 
vices  inherent  in  the  present  system  of  Socie- 
ty ;  but  Association  will  correct  these  evils  and 
give  to  the  Family  Union  a  purity,  elevation 
and  harmony,  which  it  now  rarely  possesses. 

We  condenm  the  system  of  Isolated  House- 
holds, but  not  Marriage,  which  is  an  institu- 
tion separate  and  distinct  from  our  present 
domestic  arrangements.  People  suppose  that 
the  marriage  tie  could  not  be  maintained  in 
Association,  and  would  be  dissolved  if  it  were 
not  confined  to  the  isolated  household, — that 
is,  if  each  family  did  not  live  in  a  separate 
house  by  itself.  This  is  a  superficial  error  : 
do  we  not  see  that  families  can  live  in  tents, 
cottages,  boarding-houses  or  palaces  withoiu 
the  marriage  tie  being  dissolved  ?  Why  theu 
can  it  not  exist  in  Association  ? 

Some  Reformers  have  attacked  Marriage, 
and  attributed  to  it  from  mistake  the  numer- 
ous evils  engendered  by  the  system  of  isolated 
households.  They  have  been  guilty  of  a  great 
error,  and  have  been  frustrated  by  it  in  all 
their  efforts  at  reform.  So  far  from  Marriage 
being  the  cause  of  those  evils,  it  is  itself  dc- 
^aded  and  contaminated  by  the  system  of 
isolated  households ;  and  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  mav  almost  be  said,  the  isolatt^ 
household  is  the  tomb  of  Love.  It  will  be 
reserved  for  Association,  with  its  riches,  its 
complete  moral  and  intellectual  development 
of  beings,  the  enjoyment  of  the  arts  and  scien- 
ces, and  its  freedom  from  monotony,  and  pet- 
ty domestic  cares  and  anxieties,  to  refine  and 
elevate  Marriage.  The  isolated  household 
produces  disagreements,  engenders  antipa- 
thies, and  deadens  all  enthusiasm. 

We  are  well  aware  that  great  defects  are 
to  be  found  in  the  family  and  marriage  Ties, 
as  they  now  exist:  the  former  leads  as  a  g«i- 


10 


ECONOMIES   OF   ASSOCIATION. 


eral  rule  to  the  most  contracted  and  repulsive 
selfishness,  and  the  latter  is  in  the  most  of 
cases  a  mere  worldly,  sensual  connection.  But 
then  we  do  not  wish  to  destroy,  but  to  pre- 
serve and  elevate  them,  for  we  feel  absolutely 
certain  that  the  parent  will  always  love  the 
child  and  the  child  the  parent,  and  that  intel- 
lectual love  will  invariably  lead  to  chastity 
and  fidelity. 

3d.  Association  will  respect  sacredly  the 
Religious  Sentiment,  and  preserve  religious 
Worship,  which  is  the  external  manifestation 
of  that  Sentiment  in  the  human  soul. 

Some  reformers  have  attacked  Religion, 
and  in  so  doing  have  filled  the  minds  of  peo- 
ple with  a  dread  that  any  great  plan  of  Social 
Reform  will  be  connected  with  Infidelity. 
Let  us  point  out  briefly  why  they  have  com- 
mitted this  error,  as  it  will  probably  be  the 
best  way  of  proving  that  we  shall  avoid  it. 

During  the  course  of  our  false  societies, 
which  pervert  almost  every  thing  true  and 
good.  Religion  has  at  times  been  greatly  per- 
verted and  abused,  and  has  produced  gigantic 
evils.  The  horrors  perpetrated  in  religious 
wars  and  persecutions,  the  atrocities  of  the 
Inquisition  and  other  outrages  committed  in 
the  name  of  Religion  are  certainly  appalling 
to  contemplate.  Struck  with  these  abuses, 
and  believing  them  inherent  in  Religion,  some 
reformers  have  wished  to  abolish  it ;  they 
have  not  had  the  perspicuity  to  separate  the 
abuses  of  Religion  from  Religion  itself — to  sep- 
arate the  effect  of  sectarian  Fanaticism,  act- 
ing upon  ignorant  and  deluded  minds,  from 
true  Religion  and  the  high  and  exalted  senti- 
ments connected  with  it,  but  have  wished  to 
blot  out  the  religious  principle  in  Humanity, 
and  sever  the  connection  between  it  and  the 
Divinity. 

Fourier  was  guided  in  his  researches  by 
genuine,  or  as  he  terms  it,  integral  Faith  in 
God  and  the  universality  of  his  Providence, 
and  he  sought  to  discover  the  laws  of  Order 
and  Harmony  which  govern  the  Universe,  in 
which  he  succeeded,  and  he  has  given  to  the 
world  a  Social  Order  deduced  from  and  based 
upon  those  laws.  This  Order  is  essentially 
religious  in  its  cKaracter,  first,  because  it  is 
based  upon  laws  and  principles  which  have 
their  origin  in  Divine  Wisdom,  whereas  all 
past  and  present  societies  are  based  upon  ar- 
bitrary laws,  devised  by  human  Reason, — that 
is,  by  Legislators  and  Philosophers ;  and, 
second,  because  its  aim  is  to  unite  and  con- 
nect men  in  bonds  of  peace  and  harmony,  and 
establish  that  Brotherhood  among  Mankind, 
which  was  the  desire  of  Christ. 

Fourier  has,  in  three  of  his  works — Theory 
of  Universal  Unity;  The  New  Industrial 
World,  and  False  Industry — devoted  a  con- 
siderable space  to  proving  scientifically  the 
Immortality  of  the  Soul,  which  he  has  done 
in  the  most  conclusive  manner,  and  in  The 
New  Industrial  World,  he  has  shown  the 
perfect  coincidence  which  exists  between  the 
practical  aims  and  tendencies  of  Christianity 
and  Association,  and  has  proved  that  the 
former  can  only  be  realized  in  practice  in  a 


Society  based  upon  a  Union  of  the  individual 
with  the  collecliTO  Interest,  Concert  of  Action, 
Attractive  Industry  and  Social  Unity. 

These  remarks  are  general  in  their  charac-    '. 
ter ;  —practically  we  will  state,  that  in  Associa-      ! 
tion  the  most  perfect  Freedom  of  Opinion  will      ! 
exist,  and  a  true  sentiment  of  Tolerance  be  in- 
culcated.    Every  individual  will  enjoy  his  re- 
ligious opinions  precisely  as  he  wishes  and 
without  restriction.      The  Association  will     ^ 
build  a  Church,  and  if  there  are  persons  who 
entertain  particular  rehgious  views,  the  Asso- 
ciation will  furnish  them  halls,  where  they  can 
render  thanks  to  the  Creator  of  the  Universe 
as  they  feel  and  judge  proper. 

Association -will  establish  no  new  sect  or 
creed :  it  will,  with  the  aid  of  its  system  of 
attractive  industry,  its  vast  economies  and  a 
superior  practical  and  scientific  education,  ren- 
der Wealth  and  Knowledge  universal,  so  that 
All  may  be  elevated  to  worldly  comfort  and 
moral  dignity.  In  such  a  state  of  things,  the 
religious  Sentiment  will  have  every  chance  of 
a  universal  and  noble  development,  which  is 
impossible  in  societies,  in  Avhich  poverty,  ig-. 
norance,  conflicts  of  interests,  and  repugnant 
toil,  harass  and  degrade  nine-tenths  of  Man- 
kind. 

The  practical  organization  of  Association 
has  no  more  to  do  with  the  religious  belief  of 
people,  than  the  building  of  a  block  of  houses 
or  a  large  hotel  has  to  do  with  the  creeds  of 
those  who  are  to  inhabit  them.  We  aim  at 
establishing  a  Social  Order  in  which  Man  will 
find  abundance,  knowledge  and  the  moral  and 
material  enjoyments  which  his  nature  re- 
quires. In  his  religious  belief  and  opinions, 
he  will  enjoy  unrestricted  liberty. 


ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


No  part  of  the  system  of  Association  pre- 
sents greater  claims  upon  general  approbation 
than  its  Economies.  The  almost  universal 
desire  of  Men  is  to  attain  fortune,  or  at  least  a 
corhpetency ;  and  as  Economy  is  one  of  the 
two  great  avenues  that  lead  to  riches  and 
worldly  comfort,  the  descriptions  which  are 
given  below  cannot  fail,  we  think,  to  interest 
the  Reader,  and  predispose  him  favorably 
towards  the  System  which  is  to  secure  abun- 
dance to  all,  and  sweep  Want,  with  all  its 
degrading  and  harassing  influences,  from  so- 
ciety. 

We  extract  these  descriptions  from  Fou- 
rier's large  work,  entitled,  Theory  of  Univer~ 
sal  Unity. 


We  see  here  and  there  a  few  examples  of 
Association,  referable  to  instinct  or  accident 
merely,  which  should  have  led  to  farther  inves- 
tigations. The  peasants  of  Jura,  in  Switzer- 
land, finding  that  the  milk  collected  bjr  a 
single  family  will  not  make  a  cheese  which 
is  very  much  esteemed,  called  gruyere,  unite 
and  bring  their  milk  daily  to  a  common  depdt. 


ECONOMIES  OF   ASSOCIATION. 


11 


where  notes  are  kept  of  the  quantity  deposited 
by  each  family ;  and  from  these  small  collec- 
tions a  large  and  very  valuable  cheese  is 
made,  which  is  divided  pro  rata  among  those 
who  contributed  to  it. 

We  see  Association  in  some  countries  intro- 
duced also  into  minor  details  of  rural  Eco- 
nomy— into  a  common  oven,  for  instance.  A 
hundred  families  composing  a  hamlet,  know 
that  if  it  were  necessary  to  construct,  keep  in 
repair  and  heat  a  hundred  ovens,  it  would 
cost  in  masonry,  fuel  and  management  ten 
times  as  much  as  one  oven  in  common — the 
economy  of  which  is  increased  twenty  and 
thirty  fold,  if  the  village  contains  two  or 
three  hundred  families. 

It  follows,  that  if  Association  could  be  ap- 
plied to  all  the  details  of  domestic  and  agri- 
cultural operations,  an  economy  on  an  average 
of  nine-tenths  Avould  result  from  it — indepen- 
dent of  the  additional  product,  which  would 
arise  from  the  saving  of  hands,  employed  in 
other  functions.  We  do  not,  therefore,  exag- 
gerate in  stating  that  domestic  Association  on 
the  smallest  scale,  say  of  four  hundred  per- 
sons, would  yield  a  Product  six  times  as  great 
as  that  which  is  now  obtained  from  our  pre- 
sent system  of  incoherent,  isolated,  piece-meal 
and  disassociated  ciiltivation. 

Certain  classes^soldiers  for  example — are 
forced  from  necessity  to  resort  to  the  Econo- 
mies of  Association.  If  they  prepared  their 
scanty  meals  separately,  as  many  soups  as 
there  are  individuals,  instead  of  preparing  for 
a  large  number  at  once,  it  would  cost  them  a 
vast  deal  of  time  and  trouble,  and  they 
would  not  be  as  well  served,  although  the 
outlay  would  be  increased  three-fold.  Sup- 
pose a  Monastery  of  thirty  Monks  had 
thirty  different  kitchens,  thirty  different  fires, 

[^'  and  every  thing  else  in  the  same  ratio ;  it  is 
certain  that,  while  expending  six  times  as 
much  in  materials,  cooking  implements  and 
hire  of  servants,   they  would  be  infinitely 

,    worse  served,  than  if  there  was  Unity  in  their 

'    household  Organization. 

How  has  it  happened,  that  the  'Politicians 

.   of  the  present  day,  so  immersed  in  their  mi- 

r  nute  calculations'  and  economies,  have  not 
thought  of  developing  these  germs  of  social 
Economy,  and  of  extending  both  to  rural  and 
city  populations  some  system  of  domestic  As- 
sociation, examples  of  which  we  see  scattered 
here  and  there  in  our  present  state  of  society  ? 
Could  not  some  mechanism,  in  which  landed 
and  other  property  would  be  represented  by 
slock,  divided  into  shares,  be  discovered,  that 
would  induce  three  hundred  families  to  form 
an  Association,  in  which  every  person  would 
be  paid  according  to  the  three  following  quali- 
fications—Labor,  Capital,  Skill  ?  No  Eco- 
nomist has  directed  his  attention  to  this  im- 
portant problem  : — nevertheless,  how  great 
would  be  the  profit  in  case  one  vast  granary 
or  barn,  well  managed  and  overseen,  could  be 
substituted  in  the  place  of  three  hundred 
little  barns,  exposed  to  rats,  weevil  and  fire ! 
As  the  problem  is  solved  and  Association  is 
discovered,  we  must  not  be  stopped  by  appa- 


rent obstacles,  but  investigate  the  immensity 
of  the  economies  of  Association  in  the  small- 
est details. 

Instead  of  a  hundred  milk-men  who  lose  a 
hundred  days  in  the  city,  one  or  two  would  be 
substituted,  with  properly  constructed  vehi» 
cles  for  performing  their  work.  Instead  of  a 
hundred  farm.ers  Avho  go  to  market,  and  lose 
in  the  taverns  and  groceries  of  the  city  a 
hundred  days,  three  or  four  to  manage  and 
oversee,  with  as  many  wagons,  would  take 
their  place.  Instead  of  three  hundred  kit- 
chens, requiring  three  hundred  fires,  and 
wasting  the  time  of  three  hundred  women, 
one  vast  kitchen  with  three  fires  for  preparing 
food  for  three  different  tables,  at  different 
prices,  for  the  various  classes  of  fortune,  would 
be  sufficient ;  ten  women  would  perform  the 
same  function  which  now  requires  three 
hundred. 

We  are  astonished  when  we  reflect  upon 
the  colossal  profits  which  would  result  from 
these  large  Associations.  Take  fuel  alone, 
which  has  become  so  expensive — is  it  not 
evident,  that  for  cooking  and  the  warming  of 
rooms.  Association  would  save  seven-eighths 
of  the  wood  and  coal  which  our  present  sys- 
tem of  incoherent  and  isolated  Households, 
wastes  and  consumes  ? 

The  parallel  is  equally  glaring,  if  we  com- 
pare theoretically  or  in  imagination  the  cul- 
tivation of  a  domain  in  Association,  overseen 
like  a  single  farm,  with  the  same  extent  of 
country,  cut  up  into  little  farms,  and  subjected 
to  the  caprice  of  three  hundred  families. 
Here  one  family  makes  a  meadow  of  a  sloping 
piece  of  land,  which  Nature  destined  to  the 
vine ;  there  another  sows  wheat  where  grass 
should  grow ;  a  third,  to  avoid  buying  gram, 
clears  a  declivity  which  the  rains  will  strip 
of  its  soil  the  following  year ;  while  a  fourth 
and  a  fifth  misapply  the'  soil  in  some  other 
way.  The  three  hundred  families  lose  their 
time  and  money  in  barricading  themselves 
against  each  other,  and  in  law-suits  about 
boundary  lines  and  petty  thefts ;  they  all 
avoid  works  of  general  utility,  which  might 
be  of  advantage  to  disagreeable  or  detested 
neighbors,  and  individual  interest  is  every 
where  brought  in  conflict  with  public  good. 

The  civilized  World  talks  of  Economy  and 
System :  what  system  does  it  see  in  this  in- 
dustrial incoherence,  this  anti-social  confu- 
sion ?  How  has  it  happened  that,  for  thirty 
centuries,  it  has  not  been  discovered  that  As- 
sociation, and  not  cultivation  carried  on  by 
isolated  households,  is  the  destiny  of  man,  and 
that  so  long  as  he  is  ignorant  of  the  theory 
of  domestic  Association,  he  has  not  attained 
his  destiny  ? 


ECONOMIES   IN  GRANARIES,    CELLARS,   FUEL, 
TRANSPORTATION,  ETC. 

We  are  astonished,  as  we  before  observed, 
when  we  pass  a  few  moments  in  drawing  a 
picture  of  the  enormous  profits,  which  would 
result  from  an  assembla.^e  of  three  or  four 


S5WP 


12 


ECONOMIES  OF  ASSOCIATION. 


hundred  families,  inhabiting  one  vast  Edifice, 
ia  which  they  would  find  suites  of  rooms  and 
tables  at  various  prices,  covered  communica- 
tions, varied  functions — in  short,  every  thing 
that  could  abridge,  facilitate  and  give  a  charm 
to  Industry. 

In  going  into  details,  we  will  first  examine 
the  advantages  of  Association  in  Granaries 
and  Cellars.  The  three  hundred  granaries  or 
barns,  which  three  hundred  farming  families 
require,  would  be  replaced  by  a  vast  Granary, 
divided  into  special  compartments  for  each 
kind  of  grain,  and  even  for  each  variety.  All 
the  advantages  of  dryness,  ventilation  and 
locality,  could  be  observed  and  attended  to — 
advantages  which  the  farmer  cannot  now 
think  of;  for  often  his  house  and  barns  are 
badly  situated  for  the  preservation  of  his  pro- 
duce. A  Community  of  eighteen  hundred 
persons  would  always  make  choice  of  the 
most  favorable  location  in  every  respect  for 
their  Edifice  or  rural  Palace  and  out-houses. 
The  expense  of  walls,  doors,  frame-work, 
machinery,  precautions  against  fire,  insects, 
&c.  of  a  vast  granary,  would  not  cost  one- 
tenth  part  of  Avhat  three  hundred  bams,  at 
best  but  defectively  constructed,  now  do.  Ten 
doors  and  windows  only  would  be  necessary 
there,  where,  with  the  present  system,  three 
hundred  are  required,  and  every  thing  else  in 
proportion. 

It  is  above  all  in  precautions  against  fire 
and  other  accidental  waste,  that  the  profits 
become  colossal.  All  measures  of  public  se- 
curity are  impracticable  with  three  hundred 
families,  some  being  too  poor  to  take  neces- 
sary precautions,  others  too  careless  or  indif- 
ferent. We  frequently  hear  of  a  whole  town 
having  been  consumed  by  the  imprudence  of 
a  single  family.  Precautions  against  insects, 
rats,  &c.,  become  also  illusive,  because  there 
is  no  joint  action  between  these  families.  If 
by  great  care  one  farmer  destroys  the  rats  in 
his  granaries,  he  is  soon  assailed  by  those  of 
the  neighboring  barns  and  fields,  that  have 
not  been  cleared  of  them,  for  the  want  of  a 
system  of  general  co-operation,  impossible 
with  the  present  diversity  of  interests. 

Association  gives  rise  to  important  econo- 
mies in  operations  which  are  now  deemed 
productive :  for  example,  three  hundred  farm- 
ing families  send  to  market,  not  once,  but 
twenty  times  in  the  course  of  the  year :  if  a 
few  chickens  or  pounds  of  butter  are  to  be 
sold,  a  day  is  lost  in  town;  this  amounts  for 
the  three  hundred  families  to  an  aggregate 
loss  of  six  thousand  days'  work,  without  in- 
cluding the  expense  of  wagons,  which  is 
twenty-fold  that  of  Association.  In  the  lat- 
ter Order  all  these  products  would  be  sold  in 
large  quantities,  as  sales  and  purchases  would 
take  place  only  between  Associations  of 
eighteen  hundred  persons.  By  avoiding  the 
complication  of  sales,  the  waste,  for  example, 
of  sending  three  hundred  persons  to  market, 
to  make  three  hundred  separate  negotiations, 
instead  of  a  single  one,  is  obviated,  and  we 
simplify  and  economize  an  important  branch 
«f  ODeratious. 


If  one  Association  sells  five  thousand  bushels 
of  wheat  to  three  others,  the  care  of  milling 
and  storing  does  not  extend  to  nine  hundred 
families,  but  only  to  three.  Thus  after  hav- 
ing saved  in  the  sale  of  the  produce,  ninety- 
nine-hundredths  of  the  distributive  labor,  this 
economy  is  repeated  in  its  preparation  for  use.^ 
It  is  consequently  an  economy  of  ninety-nint'- 
hundredths  twice  repeated  ;  and  how'  many 
will  take  place  of  this  magnitude ! 

It  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  economies 
of  Association  are  almost  always,  like  those 
above,  of  a  compound  nature,  which,  to  the 
saving  in  selling,  adds  that  of  storage  and 
preparation.  The  same  system  is  applicable 
to  liquids,  such  as  wines,  oils,  &c.  Three 
hundred  families  have  three  hundred  cellars, 
in  the  care  of  which,  ordinarly,  as  much  ig- 
norance as  want  of  skill  is  to  be  found.  There 
is  a  greater  loss  on  liquids  than  on  grain,  for 
the  care  of  the  former  is  a  great  deal  more 
hazardous,  and  requires  more  attention  and 
knowledsre. 


POSITIVE   AND    NEGATIVE    ECONOMIES. 


Negative  Profit  consists  in  producing  by 
doing  nothing,  more  than  people  now  often 
do,  who,  with  great  labor,  produce  frequently 
less  than  nothing.  We  will  choose  wails  and 
fences  as  an  example.  If  thieving  did  not  ex- 
ist, if  flocks  were  guarded  by  a  few  dogs,  as 
they  would  be  in  Association,  so  that  a  small 
hedge  or  furrow  would  answer  all  purposes, 
fences  and  walls  could  be  done  away  with, 
and  the  expense  of  their  construction  and  re- 
pairs saved.  Thus,  an  expensive  wall  or  fence 
ie  equivalent  to  nothing,  as  to  present  product ; 
and  less  than  nothing,  as  to  future  product, 
for  it  will  cost  repairs.  A  large  portion  of  the 
greatest  works  of  our  civilized  Societies,  such 
as  fortifications  and  navies,  produce  either 
nothing  or  less  than  nothing,  considered  apart 
from  their  destructive  action. 

Negative  Profit,  or  the  saving  of  a  labor  in 
itself  unproductive,  is  easy  to  distinguish  from 
positive  Profit,  which  arises  from  increased 
production  in  any  branch  of  Industry;  the 
former  kind  of  profit  being  the  least  understood 
in  the  present  order,  we  will  make  use  of  au 
example  to  illustrate  it. 

River  Fish :  this  source  of  product  is  the 
more  precious  as  it  requires  no  care,  and 
as  its  rapid  multiplication  is  not  prejudicial  to 
the  crops,  like  that  of  game.  How  great 
would  be  the  abundance  offish,  if  there  were 
a  general  understanding  to  suspend  fishing  at 
certain  periods,  and  leave  a  sufficient  quantity 
m  each  stream  for  re-production  !  Such  Con- 
cert of  Action  is  one  of  the  results  of  Associa- 
tion. Persons,  expert  in  the  matter,  say,  that 
upon  an  average  of  years,  twenty  times  as 
many  fish  would  be  taken  in  all  small  streams, 
if  people  would  agree  to  fish  only  at  proper 
seasons,  so  as  not  to  exhaust  the  stock,  and 
take  but  a  quarter  of  the  pains  in  destroying 
otters  and  muskrats,  which  they  now  do  in 
despoiling  the  streams.     Such  would  be  the 


NON-PRODUCERS. 


13 


policy  of  Association,  which,  to  the  product 
of  rivers,  would  add  that  of  reservoirs,  with 
currents  ibr  preservins:  distinct  species. 

Positive  Profit  consists  in  the  increased 
product  obtained  by  active  Industry.  We 
have  in  the  present  Order  a  very  considerable 
quantity  of  positive  Kiches,  from  which  we 
might  draw  a  double  or  treble  profit ;  such  are 
forests,  which  require  to  he  cleared  of  the  su- 
perabundance of  trees  that  choke  their  srrowth. 
In  certain  other  branches,  we  have  too  much 
positive  Wealth.  Compared  with  the  quan- 
tity of  j^rain  and  wine  produced,  we  have  a 
great  many  more  barns  and  casks  than  are 
necessary  ;  we  could  reduce  the  number  two 
thirds,  il'  vast  granaries  and  large  tuns  and 
vats  only  were  used.  Thus  real  Riches  often 
consist  in  a  diminution  of  the  positive  product. 


NON-PRODUCERS. 


One  of  the  greatest  sources  of  economy  in 
Association  wUl  be  the  return  of  Non-Pro- 
'iucers — that  is,  of  idlers,  loungers,  persons 
engaged  in  useless  occupations,  the  idle  rich, 
etc.,  to  Productive  Industry.  This  result  can- 
not be  attained  without  a  system  of  Attractive 
Industry,  which  will  render  the  pursuits  of 
Agriculture  and  the  mechanical  Arts  pleasing 
and  honorable, — and  Industry  cannot  be  ren- 
dered Attractive  except  in  Association. 

What  is  the  number  of  persons  actively 
engaged  at  present  in  producing  ?  Not  One- 
Third  of  the  population.  Two-Thirds  pro- 
duce nothing,  and  the  labor  of  the  producing 
Third  is,  for  want  of  good  implements,  work- 
shops and  manufactories,  and  a  scientific  sys- 
tem of  agriculture,  most  mi^^erahly  apflied. 
All  must  live  from  the  scanty  product  of  the 
Producing  Third,  and  out  of  it  the  expenses 
of  Government,  the  profits  of  Commerce,  Fi- 
nance, the  Law,  etc.  must  be  paid.  So  long 
as  this  state  of  things  continues,  Poverty  will 
be  the  lot  of  four-fifths  of  the  population,  and 
the  only  remedy  is  to  establish  a  system  of 
Attractive  Industry,  which  will  induce  the 
present  host  of  Non-Producers  to  take  part  in 
productive  Industry,  and  add  to  the  wealth  of 
i§ociety.  To  show  that  two-thirds  of  the  po- 
pulation produce  nothing,  we  add  below  a  list, 
which  we  extract  from  Fourier,  of  the  Non- 
Producing  Classes  in  the  present  Social  Order. 

List  of  Non-Producers  in  the  present  Social 
Order. 

]  ST  Division. 

1.  Women. 

2.  Children. 

3.  Servants. 

2d  Division. 

4.  Armies. 

5.  Fiscal  Agents  and  Police. 

6.  Manufacturers  in  part. 

7.  Commerce  do. 

8.  Useless  Transportation. 


3d  Division. 
9.  Idlers. 

10.  Controvertists  and  Sophists. 

11.  Idle  Rich. 

12.  Outcasts. 

Principal  Classes. 
Persons  engaged  in  positive  Destruction. 
Persons  engaged  in  negative  Production. 

First  Division. — Domestic  Non-Producers, 

1.  Three-quarters  of  the  Women  in  cities, 
and  half  of  those  in  the  country,  produce  no- 
thing, as  they  are  absorbed  in  unproductive 
domestic  occupations,  which  are  to  be  consi- 
dered useless,  as  they  grow  out  of  the  present 
system  of  isolated  households.  Their  labor  is 
estimated  in  political  economy  at  only  a  fifth 
of  that  of  men. 

2.  Three-fourths  of  Children,  perfectly  use- 
less in  cities,  and  of  but  little  use  in  the  coun- 
trv,  owing  to  their  mischievousness  and  want 
of  skill. 

3.  Three-fourths  of  Servants,  whose  labor 
is  rendered  necessary  by  the  present  domestic 
complication,  particularly  in  kitchens.  In 
Association,  thirty  cooks  would  do  infinitely 
better  the  work  which  now  requires  three 
hundred. 

Second  Division — Social  Non- Producers. 

4.  Armies  and  Navies,  which,  besides  ab- 
sorbing a  very  large  portion  of  the  public  re- 
venue, divert  from  productive  labor  the  most 
robust  of  the  population,  and  predispose  them 
to  depravity  by  forcing  them  to  sacrifice  in  a 
parasitic  function  years  which  they  shoijld 
employ  in  acquiring  skill  and  ability  in  Indus- 
try, for  which  they  lose  all  taste  in  a  military 
life.  The  mass  of  men  and  machines,  called 
an  Army,  produces  nothing  while  waiting  to 
be  employed  in  destroying. 

5.  Fiscal  Agents.  —  What  a  quantity  of 
hands  does  the  Custom-House  alone  absorb ! 
To  these  we  may  add  tax-gatherers,  inspec- 
tors, and  the  army  of  clerks  employed  in  the 
complicated  administrations  of  States  and  Ci- 
ties. How  many  could  return  to  productive 
Industry  in  the  Combined  Order,  in  which  each 
Association  would  pay,  like  a  single  indivi- 
dual, its  taxes ! 

6.  A  full  half  of  Manufacturers  may  be 
considered  relatively  unproductive,  owing  to 
the  vast  quantity  of  badly  manufactured  good?. 
(A  shoemaker  who  makes  a  pair  of  boots 
that  rip  at  the  end  of  the  week,  is  relatively 
unproductive,  for,  although  he  has  labored,  he 
has  produced  nothing  of  value,  and  might  as 
well  have  been  idle.  This  observation  applies 
to  an  immensequantityof  poor  manufactures, 
which  do  no  service.)  Perfection  in  this  de- 
partment of  Industry  would  reduce  the  waste 
of  manufactures  to  one-half  or  three-quarters 
of  what  it  now  is. 

7.  Nine-tenths  of  Merchants  and  other 
Commercial  Agents.  In  the  Combined  Order 
a  system  of  wliolesale  Trade,  which  would  be 


14 


NON-PEODUCEES. 


carried  on  direct  between  Associations  and 
•would  be  performed  by  Commission  Mer- 
chants, employed  by  the  Associations,  would 
replace  the  present  incoherent  system  of  com- 
mercial exchanges,  and  avoid  the  enormous 
complication  of  little  sales  and  purchases, 
which  now  take  place  between  isolated  fa- 
milies. 

8.  Two-thirds  of  the  Agents  of  Transpor- 
tation by  sea  and  land. — To  the  waste  of  a 
complicated  system  of  conveyance,  is  to  be 
added  that  of  hazardous  transmission,  parti- 
cularly by  sea,  where  imprudence,  want  of 
skill  and  bad  vessels  increase  shipwrecks  ten- 
fold. 

Third  Division — Accessory  Non-Producers. 

9.  Legal,  Accidental  or  Secret  Idlers  ; 
persons  who  are  inactive  from  the  want  of 
work  or  for  the  purpose  of  amusement.  Take 
useless  holidays  and  celebrations,  political 
meetings,  etc. :  what  an  immense  loss  of  time 
do  they  cause !  They  can  be  much  reduced 
when  useful  occupation  and  industry  are  more 
attractive. 

The  waste  arising  from  accidental  stop- 
pages of  work,  should  also  be  taken  into 
account.  If  the  Overseer  is  away,  the  Work- 
men stop ;  if  they  see  a  man  or  a  cat  pass, 
they  all  turn  to  look — leaning  on  their  spades 
and  gaping  for  diversion ;  forty  or  fifty  times 
a  day  they  lose  in  this  way  five  minutes. 
Their  week's  work  is  hardly  equal  to  four  full 
days.  How  much  waste  and  idleness  for  want 
of  Attractive  Industry ! 

10.  Controvertists  and  Sophists  ;  to  whom 
are  to  be  added  all  those  who  read  thera, 
and  take  part  at  their  instigation  in  party 
quarrels  and  unproductive  intrigues. 

The  list  of  Controvertists  and  Sophists  is 
much  greater  than  would  at  first  be  supposed. 
Let  us  take  jurisprudence,  as  an  example, 
which  appears  an  excusable  branch.  Suppose 
Association  were  not  to  produce  a  twentieth 
part  of  the  law-suits  which  Ave  now  have, 
and  that  to  settle  them,  it  employed  means 
as  expeditious  and  simple  as  ours  are  compli- 
cated and  protracted — it  follows  that  nineteen- 
twentieths  of  the  members  of  the  bar  are 
parasitic  Non-producers,  as  well  as  jurors  and 
witnesses  in  attendance.     (The  vast  amount 


of  Talent  now  engaged  in  the  Law;  would 
have  in  the  Combined  Order  a  noble,  honor- 
able and  lucrative  career  in  the  Arts  and 
Sciences  opened  to  it.) 

11.  Idle  Rich— people  passing  their  lives 
in  doing  nothing.  Add  to  them  their  ser- 
vants and  employees,  for  all  classes  who 
serve  non-producers  are  themselves  unpro- 
ductive. 

12.  Outcasts— persons  in  open  rebellion 
against  the  laws,  morals  and  industry.  Such 
are  public  women,  vagrants,  beggars,  rogues^ 
brigands,  etc.,  the  number  of  which  tends  less 
than  ever  to  decrease,  and  the  repression  of 
which  requires  the  maintenance  of  an  army 
of  constables  and  police  ofl^icers,  who  are 
equally  unproductive,  besides  the  expense  of 
jails,  penitentiaries  and  galleys.  Add  to  these, 
persons  engaged  in  lotteries  and  gambling- 
houses,  which  are  true  social  pests. 

Principal  Classes. 

Persons  engaged  in  Positive  Desteuctiow. 
Such  are  Armies  actively  engaged  in  war,  and 
Monopolizers  who  cause  artificial  famines, 
which  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  some 
countries. 

Persons  engaged  in  Negative  or  Useless 
Production  :  they  are  excessively  numerous. 
The  labor  of  a  v/orkman,  useful  in  appear- 
ance, is  often  merely  negative — if  employed, 
for  instance,  on  a  fence  or  wall,  which  is  not 
positive  product ;  he  produces,  not  only  no- 
thing for  the  present,  but  constructs  a  work 
which  will  cause  a  future  expense.  As  As- 
sociation would  not  require  a  hundredth  part 
of  the  walls  and  fences  which  are  now  neces- 
sary, they  are  to  be  considered  relatively  un- 
productive. There  are  a  great  many  other 
useless  works,  such  as  bridges  and  edifices 
Avhich  fall  down,  and  roads  that  have  to  be 
laid  out  anew  and  made  over. 

If  we  can  find  means  to  induce  all  these 
non-producing  Classes  to  take  part  in  produc- 
tive occupations,  we  may  safely  calculate  that, 
with  an  appropriate  application  of  the  labor 
of  different  ages  and  sexes,  the  product  or 
real  wealth  of  society  can  be  increased  three- 
fold,— in  which  case,  with  a  just  Division  of 
Profits,  Poverty  can  be  banished  from  the 
earth. 


PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION  OF   ASSOCIATION. 


16 


PRACTICAL  ORGANIZATION 


ASSOCIATION. 


The  error  of  Science  is,  that  it  has  been  engaged 
for  five  and  twenty  centuries  past  in  political 
and  administrative  controversies,  which  only 
serve  to  excite  commotions.  It  should  have 
devoted  its  attention  exclusively  to  the  organ- 
ization of  Industry,  to  the  art  of  associating 
isolated  families,  and  to  attaining  the  colossal 
Economies,  the  enonnous  Profits,  which  such 
an  Association  would  produce. 

Fourier. 

All  philosophers  declare  that  Man  was  made  for 
Society; — starting  from  this  principle,  should  he 
tend  to  the  smallest  or  the  largest  Society  pos- 
sible 1  Beyond  all  doubt  it  is  in  the  largest 
that  he  will  find  all  the  advantages  of  System 
and  Economy  :  and  inasmuch  as  we  have  only 
arrived  at  the  infinitely  small,  at  the  single 
Couple  with  their  children  in  a  house  by  them- 
selves, is  any  other  proof  necessary  to  show, 
that  the  present  system  of  society  is  the  very 
opposite  of  human  Destiny  as  well  as  of  Truth  ? 
Fourier. 

Is  it  not  surprising  that  the  Political  Order  has 
alone  been  the  object  of  study,  while  the  In- 
dustrial Order,  incomparably  more  essential  to 
the  happiness  of  Mankind,  has  been  almost 
entirely  neglected  ]  A.  Tamisibr. 


NUMBER  OF  PERSONS. 


The  proper  number  of  persons  for  an  Asso- 
ciation is  about  Eighteen  Hundred,  or,  if  we 
suppose  six  persons  on  an  average  to  a  family, 
three  hundred  families.  This  number  is  not 
chosen  arbitrarily,  but  is  based  upon  the  num- 
ber of  distinct  Characters  which  we  find  in 
Man,  and  which  compose  the  full  scale  of 
human  Character.  It  is  only  in  large  Asso- 
ciations of  eighteen  hundred  persons,  that  all 
varieties  of  talents  and  capacities,  as  well  as 
the  proper  capital,  skill  and  knowledge,  can 
be  combined,  which  are  necessary  to  secure  a 
perfect  prosecution  of  Industry,  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences. 

If  the  members  of  an  Association  are  of 
different  degrees  of  fortune,  of  different  cha- 
racters, tastes  and  talents,  and  possess  varied 
theoretical  and  practical  acquirements,  the 
easier  it  will  be  to  associate  and  harmonize 
them.  Diversity  in  these  respects  will,  in  a 
true  system  of  Association,  be  a  source  of 
Concord,  Union  and  Harmony. 

For  an  Association  on  a  small  scale,  four  or 
five  hundred  persons,  or  eighty  to  a  hundred 
families,  will  be  sufficient;  but  this  is  the 
smallest  number  with  which  an  Association 
can  be  organized,  in  which  the  Harmonies 
of  the  system — moral,  material  and  social — 
can  be  sufficiently  developed  to  show  its  im- 
mense superiority  over  the  present  organiza- 
tion of  Society, — in  which  Industry  can  be 
rendered  Attractive,  vast  Economies  intro- 


duced, and  the  Passions  usefully  employed 
and  rightly  directed. 

These  conditions  cannot  be  fulfilled,  and 
Social  Harmony  cannot  be  attained  in  small 
Associations  of  two  or  three,  or  even  twenty 
or  thirty  families;  eighty  families  or  about 
four  hundred  persons,  at  least,  are  necessary. 

All  Harmony  is  based  upon  a  variety  of 
elements  properly  combined,  and  the  science 
of  Association  teaches  us  that  the  smallest 
number  of  individuals,  or  elements  of  Social 
Harmony,  with  which  the  essential  parts  of 
the  mechanism  of  an  Association  can  be  or- 
ganized, is  the  number  we  have  here  given. 

Small  Associations  of  two  hundred  persons, 
or  about  forty  families,  could  be  established, 
which  would  offer  great  advantages,  as  re- 
gards economy,  profit,  material  comfort  and 
a  judicious  application  of  labor  and  capital, 
over  the  present  system  of  Isolated  Families ; 
but  the  mechanisni  would  be  so  much  reduced, 
and  so  incomplete,  that  it  would  afford  but 
few  of  the  charms  and  advantages  of  a  large 
Association. 

A  great  many  persons  will  wish  to  form 
small  and  incomplete  Associations;  they  would 
do  better  to  combine  their  means  and  form  a 
large  establishment.  To  show  the  importance 
of  doing  so,  we  will  state  that  it  is  only  in 
large  Associations  that  the  following  essential 
conditions  can  be  fulfilled. 

1.  Dignify  Industry  and  render  it  Attractive. 

2.  Effect  great  Economies,  which,  in  large 
Associations,  are  four-fold  what  they  are  in 
small  ones. 

3.  Establish  a  great  variety  of  occupations, 
in~Aft  and  Science  and  Industry,  suited  to  the 
tastes,  talents  and  capacities  of  both  Sexes 
and  of  all  Ages,  and  offer  to  every  one  conge- 
nial spheres  of  activity. 

4.  Secure  to  every  person  congenial  and 
pleasing  social  relations,  and  the  choice  of 
sympathetic  characters ;  avoid  all  forced  con- 
tacts, and  absorb  any  individual  antipathies  in 
collective  affinities. 

5.  Combine  Capital  sufficient  to  prosecute 
Industry,  and  particularly  Agriculture,  which 
is  the  main  branch  of  it,  upon  a  vast  and 
scientific  scale,  and  to  give  to  every  thing 
connected  with  them— to  the  fields,  gardens, 
workshops,  tools,  implements  and  working 
dresses — convenience  and  elegance,  without 
which  Industry  cannot  be  rendered  attractive. 

6.  Organize  the  mechanism  of  the  Groups 
and  Series,  without  which  the  Passions — now 
so  discordant  and  rebellious — cannot  be  use- 
fully and  legitimately  employed,  and  harmo- 
niously developed. 

7.  Give  to  children  a  complete  moral,  in- 
tellectual and  physical  development,  which  is 
only  possible  in  large  Associations,  where  In- 
dustry is  rendered  Attractive,  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences  are  extensively  cultivated. 

Let  these  conditions  be  fulfilled,  and  the 
advantages  of  Association  will  be  found  so 
immense,  that  the  isolated  Household,  with 
its  cares,  waste  and  monotony,  will  be  aban- 
doned at  once. 


16 


THE  DOMAIN. — ^LOCATION. 


THE  DOMAIN. 


For  a  lars^e  Associatioa,  a  tract  of  land 
coQtainiog  about  six  thousand  acres,  or  three 
miles  square,  will  be  necessary.  For  a  small 
Association  of  four  hundred  persons,  fifieeo 
hundred  acres  will  be  sufficient.  The  surface 
rf  the  soil  should  be  midulaiins:  and  adapted 
to  a  varied  cultivation,  and  a  small  stream  of 
water  should,  if  possible,  flow  through  it.  II' 
the  heavier  branches  of  Agriculture,  such  as 
the  growing  of  grain  and  the  raising  of  flocks, 
are  not  prosecuted  in  a  small  Association,  and 
gardening  and  the  cultivation  of  fruit  are  made 
Sie  principal  Aofricuhural  pursuits,  a  some- 
what less  quantity  will  answer. 

In  the  centre  of  the  Domain,  the  Association 
would  erect  a  commodious  and  elegant  Edi- 
fice, capable  of  accommodating  comfortably 
the  members,  with  spacious  and  convenient 
suites  of  apartments,  separated  by  dirisioa 
walls,  and  at  different  prices,  to  suit  the  for- 
tunes of  the  inhabitants,  and  storehouses, 
granaries  and  other  necessary  outhouses  in 
the  vicinity.  The  Edifice,  rising  in  the  midst 
of  the  finely  cultivated  fields  and  gardens  of 
the  Domain,  would  present  a  beautiful  spec- 
tacle of  architectural  Unity,  in  comparison 
with  which  our  present  little  and  isolated 
constructions  would  appear  most  insignificant 
and  discordant 


LOCATION. 


2d.  The  Association  could,  if  situated  near 
a  large  commercial  to^vn,  obtain  all  facilities, 
such  as  machiner}',  tools,  implements,  etc., 
with  ease  and  at  any  time  required ;  if  located 
far  in  the  interior,  it  could  not,  but  would 
have  to  purchase  them  at  the  commencement, 
which  would  more  than  counterbalance  the 
cheapness  of  land.  The  Association  should 
also  be  near  a  large  city  to  be  at  once  ge- 
nerally known,  and  lead  to  a  more  rapid 
imitation. 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION 
AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL  ORDER. 


There  can  exist  bat  two  methods  in  the  exerciae 
of  Industry,— to  wit:  the  present  incoherent 
and  desulttirv  Order  or  cultiration  carried  on 
by  Is<i  ated  Families  as  we  now  see  it ;  or  the 
combined  Order.  cuItj>-aiion  prosecuted  by  A»- 
sociaiii  ■      ""      ;  laws  as  respects  a  jun 

disirib  - —each  person  receiving  a 

share  ;  :  the  part  which  he  has 

taien  in  .s^^t;  .:ri-.ii  inem. 

Which  of  these  two  methods  is  the  one  de- 
signed for  us  by  the  Creator  ?  Is  it  the  inco- 
herent or  the  combined!  There  can  be  bo 
besitatiaa  oa  this  poikt.  God,  as  supreme  eco- 
•OMist,  moat  havs  preferred  Assodation,  the 
■Qoroe  of  all  econamy,  aod  reaerred  for  its 
organixation  some  means,  the  discoreiy  of 
which  was  the  task  of  Gcnias. 

ForKiBB. 


\ 


In  organizing  the  first  Association  great 
advantages  would  be  secured  by  locating  it  in 
the  vicinity  of  a  large  city — that  is,  within  a 
circuit  of  twent)^  or  thirty  miles.  Tliis  is 
important,  and  for  various  reas<xis ;  we  will 
mention  twa 

1st.  The  Association  should  have  a  cx)nve- 
nient  market  for  its  lighter  agricultural  pro- 
ducts— such  as  vegetables,  fruits,  flowers,  etc 
which  cannot  be  transported  far.  and  the  cul- 
tivaticHi  of  which  is  more  attractive  than  the 
growing  of  grain  or  the  raising  of  flocks,  which 
would  have  to  be  almost  exclusively  attended 
to,  if  the  Association  were  located  in  the  far 
west.  Later,  as  the  system  spreads,  and  as 
groups  of  Ass<iciations  are  formed  near  each 
other,  means  will  exist  of  exteodiug  attrac- 
ti<Mi  to  all  the  heavier  branches  of  Agriculture ; 
but  in  the  commencement,  care  must  be  taken 
to  select  those  branches  which  are  in  them- 
selves the  most  attractive  and  pleasing,  and 
which  will  afibrd  occupations  to  both  sexes 
and  all  ages.  The  ready  sale  which  fruit, 
vegetables,  poultry  and  similar  productions 
command  in  cities,  would  render  an  Associa- 
tion near  one  much  more  profitable  than  if 
located  in  a  thinly  settled  region ;  and  large 
profits  will  alone  induce  Capitalists  in  the  be- 
ginning to  invest  their  funds  in  Association, 
and  aid  with  their  means  the  spread  of  the 
system. 


If  we  wish  to  picture  to  ourselves  m  ima- 
gination an  Association  established  and  in 
operation,  we  must  imagine  spreading  out 
before  us  a  fine  Domain,  covering  an  area  of 
three  miles  square,  beautifully  and  scientific- 
ally cultivated,  diversified  with  gardens,  fields, 
fruit-orchards,  vineyards,  meadows  and  wood- 
lands; in  the  centre  a  large  and  elegant 
Edifice,  with  spacious  and  commodious  out- 
houses, combinmg  architectural  beauty  with 
convenience  and  economy ;  fine  flocks,  team? 
and  implements  greeting  everywhere  the  eye. 
and  an  intelligent  and  prosperous  Population 
engaged  from  Attractictfi  in  the  care  and  cul- 
tivation of  the  whole.  The  Useful  and  the 
Beautiful  would  be  in  even-  way  united :  the 
loveliness  of  Nature  would  be  heightened  by 
the  works  of  Man ;  and  the  charms  of  So- 
cial life  and  the  pursuits  of  Art  and  Science 
and  useful  Industn',  would  be  in  everj-  way 
combined. 

Would  not  eighteen  himdred  persons,  united 
in  an  Association,  prosecuting  with  order  and 
economy  all  their  industrial  and  business  ope- 
rations, and  dividing  equitably  the  product  of 
their  Labor  and  Talent — each  receiving  a 
share  according  to  the  part  which  he  or  she 
has  taken  in  creatiog  it — live  much  more  in 
accordance  with  the  dictates  of  wisdom,  than 
if  they  were  divided  into  three  hundred  fami- 
lies, inhabiting  as  many  isolated  little  tene- 
ments, as  lonely  in  general  as  the\"  are  inc<Mi- 
venient,  with  poor  farms  and  workshops,  poor 
flocks,  tools,  implements  and  machiner}-,  and 
without  the  charm  of  varied  social  relations, 
— without  Art,  Science  and  other  intellectual 
enjoyments,  which  give  to  human  existence 
its  elevaticHi,  and  constitute  the  true  life  oi 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION  AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL  OEDEB. 


17 


Man  ?  We  leave  the  reader  to  answer  the 
question  himsel£ 

.  To  furnish  more  data  for  forming  an  opi- 
nion, let  us  contrast  more  minutely  the  man- 
ner in  which  three  hundred  families  now  live, 
and  the  manner  in  which  they  would  live  in 
-Association.  The  contrast  will  show  us  the 
immense  superiority  of  Associaticm,  as  regards 
Elconomy,  and  Unity  of  acticn  and  interests 
over  the  present  Systerau 

Three  hundred  families  require  at  present 
three  hundred  separate  houses,  three  hundred 
kitchens,  three  hundred  kitchen  fires,  three 
hundred  sets  of  cookins:  utensils,  three  hun- 
dred women  to  do  the  cooking — ^and  if  they 
are  farming  families — three  hundred  little 
farms,  three  hundred  bams  and  sheds,  three 
hundred  teams,  innumerable  walls  and  fences, 
and  everj^  thing  else  equally  as  complicated 
and  uselessly  wasteful. 

All  the  cares  and  labor  attendant  upcai  pro- 
viding for  the  wants  of  a  family,  such  as 
cooking,  washing,  marketing  and  keeping  up 
fires,  must  be  gone  through  with  three  hun- 
dred times  daily  by  the  three  hundred  fami- 
lies, and  %vith  the  same  detail  as  for  an  as- 
semblage of  eighteen  hundred  persons,  except 
the  difierence  of  scale. 

Association  will  avoid  this  monstrous  com- 
plication and  waste;  instead  of  three  hundred 
little  kitchens  and  three  hundred  fires,  it  will 
have  four  or  five  large  and  convenient  kitchens, 
with  as  many  fires,  by  means  of  which,  not 
cmly  the  cooking  can  be  done,  but  the  entire 
Edifice  warmed;  instead  of  three  hundred 
little  fire-places  and  cooking-stoves,  and  as 
many  sets  of  cooking  utensils,  it  will  have  its 
extensive  kitchen  ranges,  its  large  boilers  and 
ovens,  and  machinery*  on  the  largest  scale 
and  the  best  that  can  be  invented  for  facili- 
tating culinary  operations ;  instead  of  three 
hundred  women  to  do  the  cooking,  it  will 
have  a  few  experienced  cooks,  engaged  by 
tums  every  other  dav ;  instead  of  three  hun- 
dred poor  teams,  half  the  time  idle,  it  will 
have  merely  the  requisite  number,  and  of  the 
best  qualit}-;  instead  of  the  immense  nxmiber 
of  walls  and  fences  now  required,  it  will  have 
a  few  extensive  hedges ;  and  instead  of  making 
all  its  sales  and  purchases  at  retail,  pa}Tng  in 

})rofits  to  traders  one-half  of  the  product  of  its 
abor,  it  will  make  them  at  wholesile,  and  in 
the  most  economical  manner. 

To  what  immense  Economies  would  Asso- 
ciation give  rise !  What  a  source  of  Riches 
it  would  be  I  We  live  in  an  Age,  the  all-ab- 
sorbing desire  of  which  is  wealth.  If  men 
would  but  add  sentiments  of  justice  and  phi- 
lanthropy to  their  greedy  strife  after  money, 
they  would  see,  that  it  is  only  in  Association 
that  their  wishes  can  be  satisfied,  and  that  all 
can  attain  prosperity. 

If  people  would  associate,  economize  and 
apply  their  talents  and  energies  in  a  judicious 
manner,  they  could  produce  wealth  in  abun- 
dance, and  escape  want  and  anxiety :  whereas 
in  striving  to  wrest  from  each  other  by  fraud, 
over-reaching  and  other  unjust  means  the 
little  that  is  produced  imder  the  present  Mse 


and  replicant  system  of  Labor,  ninety-nine 
out  of  a  hundred  live  amidst  cares  and  per- 
plexities, and  die  in  poverty  and  destitution. 
If  we  descend  to  minute  details,  we  shall 
be  surprised  at  the  immense  saving  which 
Association  will  efiect — not  only  in  time  and 
money,  but  in  useless  and  repulsive  drudgery. 
Three  hundred  families  require  at  present 
upon  an  average  six  hundred  fires.  In  an 
Association  four  or  five  large  fires  only  would 
be  necessary,  and  one-twentieth  part  of  the 
fuel,  which  is  now  consumed,  would  be  sufli- 
ciait ;  by  means  of  tubes  or  other  apparatus 
the  public  halls,  saloons,  reading-rooms,  li- 
brary, etc  could  be  warmed,  so  that  a  few 
parlor  fires  in  the  private  apartments  only 
would  be  required,  which  could  also  be  heated 
by  the  same  process,  if  desired.  Here  is  an 
economy  of  nineteen-twentieihs  in  fuel,  to 
which  is  to  be  added  the  sa\Tng  of  a  mc«t  re- 
pulsive drudgen.-.  Three  hundred  poor  sa- 
vants must  rise  at  present  ever}'  morning,  even 
in  the  depth  of  winter,  to  light  the  fires ;  in 
an  Association,  on  the  contran*,  the  large  fires 
would  not  be  left  to  go  out  over  night,  so  that 
in  the  morning  it  would  only  be  nece^aiy  to 
charge  the  furnaces,  which  could  be  done  wi^ 
little  trouble  from  properly  cxmstracted  ooil 
receiver.  The  night  watch  would,  belcre 
retiring,  attend  to  this  duty.  By  this  means 
three  hundred  servants  would  be  saved  one 
of  the  most  repugnant  and  dirty  occopatkns 
that  has  now  to  be  performed.  What  can  be 
more  revolting  than  to  see  a  female  servant, 
shivering  wim  cold  on  a  winter's  morning, 
scraping  coals  and  cinders  with  her  bare  hands 
firom  a  grate  ? 

With  the  present  system  of  isolated  honae 
holds,  three  hundred  families  must  denxe 
every  week  or  two  a  day  to  washing,  wlii^ 
amounts  in  the  course  of  the  year,  for  tbe 
three  hundred  families,  to  ten  or  twelve  ihemh 
sand  days'  work.  Three  hundred  women  have 
to  spend,  in  dirty  kitchens  and  over  hot  fires* 
one  day  out  of  the  seven  in  tdling  at  tlw 
wa^-tub. 

Associaticn  will  avoid  also  this  useless  wad 
repulsive  drudgery.  It  will  have  a  laige 
wash-room,  fitted  up  with  every  conrenienee 
and  supplied  with  proper  machinefy,  to  wliick 
the  clothes,  collected  and  assorted  once  «r 
twice  a  month,  will  be  carried  and  pot  ioto 
difierent  vats,  where  with  the  aid  of  a  dean- 
sing  process  used  in  Switz^land,  or  some 
bener  which  may  be  inveited,  they  can  be 
wushed,  and  with  scarcely  any  hand-labor, 
far  better  than  they  now  are.'  To  do  the 
heavier  and  plainer  kinds  oi  ironing,  mai^^ 
or  large  rollers  would  be  used ;  and  to  do  the 
lisrhter  kinds,  some  groups  of  women  and 
girls,  having  a  taste  for  the  occupation,  would 
devote  themselves,  as  required,  to  it. 

The  inv«itive  Genius  of  Man  has  nerer 
been  directed  to  the  constructing  of  machinery 
for  performing  kitchoi  and  other  househoid 
WOTk  up<xi  a  large  and  economical  scale,  be- 
cause it  has  not  been  required,  and  could  doC 
be  used  in  the  isolated  household.  It  is  only 
m  larsre  Associations,  where  erenr  thine  woali 


18 


CONTRAST  BETWEEN  ASSOCIATION  AND  THE  PRESENT  SOCIAL   ORDER. 


be  done  upon  a  vast  scale,  that  such  machi- 
nery'could  be  employed,  and  domestic  labor 
■with  its  aid  immensely  abridged. 

Household  work  is  now  carried  on  in  the  ; 
rudest  manner  that  can  be  conceived;  it  is  as  ' 
much  below  what  it  could  be,  as  travelling  in 
scows,  pushed  along  by  poles,  is  below  jour-  ; 
neying  in  elegant  steamboats.  Still  the  vast  ' 
majority  of  persons  cling  from  habit  to  the  ; 
isolated  household,  when,  if  they  would  exa-  ■ 
mine  its  mechanism  with  impartiality,  they  ; 
would  see  that  it  is  the  source,  not  only  of  ; 
waste  and  poverty,  but,  to  a  great  extent,  of  : 
discord  and  selfishness.  ; 

The  system  of  Isolated  Families  is  the  \ 
foundation  upon  which  all  past  and  present  : 
Societies  have  been  based.  As  the  system  is  : 
essentially  defective,  so  are  the  Societies 
which  have  been  founded  upon  it.  We  must  : 
reform  the  basis  before  we  can  erect  a  good 
superstructure,  or  a  true  Social  Order. 

To  show  the  radical  imperfection  of  the 
system  of  Isolated  Households,  we  will  add 
two  lists  of  defects,  which  it  engenders ;  we 
extract  them  from  Fourier.  The  reader  may 
find  some  of  the  criticisms  harsh,  but  the 
strong  prejudices  and  prepossessions  which 
we  have  to  contend  with,  render  them  ne- 
cessary. 

Defects  of  the  System  of  Isolated  House- 
holds. 

1.  Smallest  possible  Association; — a  single 
family  without  capital,  credit  or  extended 
relations,  and  often  without  the  necessary  im- 
plements of  Industry. 

2.  Labor  without  rivalry, — prosecuted  alone 
the  entire  day  through,  without  variety  or 
change. 

3.  No  variety  in  occupations ;  no  elegance 
in  the  organization  of  Industry — in  the  distri- 
bution of  the  fields  and  gardens,  in  the  fitting 
up  of  the  manufactories  and  workshops — cal- 
culated to  please  the  Working  Classes. 

4.  No  system  for  developing  the  talents  and 
faculties  of  Children,  and  for  giving  them  an 
industrial  Education. 

5.  Misapplication  of  the  labor  of  Sexes  and 
Ages ;  misapplication  of  talents  and  capaci- 
ties, and  bad  adaptation  of  crops  to  soils,  and 
of  cultivation  to  localities. 

6.  Complication  in  labor,  obliging  a  single 
individual  to  execute  every  part  and  detail  of 
a  work. 

7.  Absence  of  Economy  in  hands  and  in 
machinery. 

8.  Reciprocal  frauds  and  larcenies. 

9.  Want  of  a  just  system  of  Remuneration, 
guarantying  to  all — to  the  Woman  and  the 
Child  as  well  as  to  the  Man — a  share  of  the 
general  Product,  proportioned  to  the  part 
which  each  takes  in  creating  it. 

10.  False  and  anarchical  Competition ;  op- 
position of  like  branches  of  busmess  and  m- 
dustry,  instead  of  association  and  emulative 
rivalry. 

11.  Separation  of  the  three  primordial 
branches  of  Industry — Agriculture,  Manufac- 


tures and  Domestic  Labor,  which  should  be 
united,  and  prosecuted  combinedly. 

12.  Discord,  antipathy  and  distrust  between 
the  different  Classes  of  Society,  resulting  from 
isolation  and  the  separation  of  all  interests. 

13.  Conflict  of  the  Individual  with  the 
Collective  Interest. 

The  above  defects  are  mainly  industrial  in 
their  character:  those  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing list  are  more  of  a  moral  and  social 
nature. 

Second  List  of  Defects  of  the  Present  Do- 
mestic Organization. 

1.  Absence  of  liberty  and  variety  in  Occu- 
pations and  Relations,  which  is  the  primary 
source  of  repugnant  Industry. 

2.  Absence  of  unity  in  Plans,  and  in  their 
execution. 

3.  Ruin  of  the  Children  by  the  death  of  the 
Father. 

4.  Inconstancy  of  individuals  in  their  un- 
dertakings, and  neglect  or  abandonment  of 
works  commenced. 

5.  Health  undermined  from  excessive  labor. 

6.  Bad  care  and  early  mortality  of  Children. 

7.  Unjust  partiality  for  Favorites. 

8.  Conflicts  of  heterogeneous  Ages. 

9.  Richer  branches  of  families  despising  the 
poorer  branches. 

10.  Forced  union  of  incompatible  Tastes 
and  Characters. 

1 1 .  Hatreds  embittered  by  perpetual  Con- 
tact. 

12.  Slavery  of  the  Mass  from  the  care  of 
large  families. 

i3.  Universal  Distrust  and  SELFisHr?Ess. 

Any  plans  of  reform — any  measures  or  efforts 
which  have  for  their  aim  the  social  elevation 
and  the  happiness  of  Mankind,  and  ivhich  are 
not  based  upon  a  Reform  in  the  system  of 
Isolated  Households  and.  the  present  repugn 
nant  system  of  Industry,  will  prove  in  praC' 
tice  abortive  and  useless. 

Politicians  and  Reformers  in  all  sphere: 
have  yet  to  comprehend — for  they  seem  not 
to  be  aware  of  the  fact — that  so  long  as  dis- 
union, anarchy,  strife,  conflict  of  interests, 
fraud  and  injustice,  exist  in  xhe  foundation  of 
Society — that  is,  in  the  household  System  and 
in  Industry,  disunion,  anarchy  and  conflict  will 
exist  also  in  the  other  departments  of  Society 
— in  politics,  religion  and  social  relations.  A 
reform  in  Industry  and  in  the  system  of  Iso- 
lated Households'is  the  practical  commence- 
ment of  a  true  social  Reform.  The  moral 
and  intellectual  development  of  Mankind  and 
their  spiritual  regeneration  cannot  be  effected 
so  long  as  their  interests,  efforts  and  aims  are 
not  associated  and  harmonized,  and  Industry, 
which  is  the  means  by  which  they  secure  to 
themselves  temporal  prosperity,  and  by  which 
they  subdue  material  Nature,  is  not  rendered 
pleasing,  attractive  and  honorable. 

They  who  wish  to  introduce  justice,  equal- 
ity, liberty,  order  and  morality  into  society, 
and  who  endeavor  to  do  so  by  operating  on 


THE  EDIFICE. 


19 


the  political  power  or  government,  or  by  re- 
commending merely  good  precepts,  may  be 
compared  to  men  who  are  striving  to  build 
the  roof  of  a  house,  before  having  laid  the 
foundation.  If  we  wish  to  introduce  those 
great  principles  into  the  social  existence  of 
Mankind,  we  must  first  organize  the  founda- 
tion of  society  rightly — that  is,  the  industrial 
and  domestic  systems.    Until  this  be  done  the 


higher  aims  of  the  enlightened  statesman,  the 
conscientious  reformer  and  the  philanthropist, 
cannot  be  attained. 

To  prove  this  important  point — so  necessary 
to  be  understood — more  clearly,  v/e  will  add 
a  table  of  Contrasts  between  combined  Indus- 
try and  Association,  and  competitive  Industry 
and  the  system  of  isolated  Households,  and 
the  results  of  the  two. 


GENERAL    CONTRAST. 


The  Combined  Industry  of  Association  will 
operate — 

1.  By  large  assemblages  of  persons  in  every 
branch  of  Industry. 

2.  By  occupations  of  the  shortest  duration 
and  the  greatest  variety. 

3.  By  the  most  detailed  division  in  labor 
and  functions,  applying  a  group  of  workmen 
to  each  branch  or  detail. 

By  Attraction,  by  Charm. 


The  Competitive  Industry  of  Civilized  So- 
ciety operates — 

1.  By  the  smallest  assemblages  of  persons 
in  works  and  in  households. 

2.  By  occupations  of  the  longest  duration 
and  the  greatest  monotony. 

3.  By  the  greatest  complication,  requiring 
of  a  single  individual  the  execution  of  all  the 
details  of  a  work  or  function. 

By  Constraint,  by  Want. 


RESULTS 


Of  Combined  Industry. 


1.  General  Riches. 

2.  Practical  truth  in  all  relations. 

3.  Real  Liberty. 

4.  Permanent  Peace. 

5.  Equilibrium  of  Climate. 

6.  General  system  for  the  prevention  of 
diseases  which  are  artificially  produced. 

7.  Opening  offered  to  all  ameliorations  and 
improvements. 

General  Confidence. 
Unity  of  Action. 


Of  Competitive  Industry. 


1.  Collective  Poverty. 

2.  Fraud  and  Imposition 

3.  Oppression. 

4.  War. 

5.  Derangement  of  Seasons. 

6.  Diseases  artificially  produced,  such  as 
the  plague,  cholera,  yellow  fever,  etc. 

7.  Circle  of  error  and  prejudice,  withou: 
any  opening  for  improvements. 

General  SusprcioN. 
Duplicity  of  Action. 


THE  EDIFICE. 


The  Art  which  gives  to  Man  his  residence  is  the 
first  of  the  Arts — that  around  which  all  the 
others  are  grouped,  and  to  which  they  are  su- 
bordinate :  sculpture,  paiiitinsr,  music,  poetry 
even,  can  only  produce  their  grand  effects,  upon 
condition  of  heinp;-  harmonized  ia  an  architec- 
tural whole.  Architecture  is  the  central  Art, 
it  is  the  Art  which  embraces  all  others,  and 
embodies  the  whole  artistic  sentiment  of  Hu- 
manity. The  Architecture  of  a  Society  writes 
its  history.  V.  Considerant. 

What!  is  it  easier  to  lodge  eighteen  hundred 
persons  in  a  noble  man-of-war  floating  on  the 
ocean  a  thousand  miles  from  land,  than  to  lodge 
them  in  one  vast  and  convenient  construction, 
founded  on  solid  earth  and  rock  ? 


The  Edifices  of  Association  must  difi*er 
very  widely  from  the  dwellings  of  our  present 
Societies,  which  are  suited  only  to  isolated 
families,  between  whom  very  few  social  rela- 
tions and  no  concert  of  action  exist.  Instead 
of  the  mass  of  separate  little  tenements  which 
compose  our  towns  and  villages  and  cover  our 
farms,  and  in  which  the  greatest  waste,  in- 
cpnvenience  and  for  the  most  part  deformity, 


vie  with  each  other,  an  Association  would 
build  a  large  and  regular  Edifice,  combining 
the  greatest  elegance  and  comfort  with  the 
greatest  economy. 

The  Edifices  of  Association  will  conform  to 
a  certain  extent  to  one  general  plan,  which 
Fourier,  by  long  study  of  the  subject,  has 
deduced  from  the  wants  and  requirements — 
domestic  as  well  as  social,  public  as  well  as 
private — of  Man,  and  Avhich  is  suited  in  every 
way  to  the  individual  and  social  life  of  a  body 
of  eighteen  hundred  persons;  the  greatest  va- 
riety, however,  in  style  and  architecture  will 
exist,  according  to  the  tastes  of  a  people,  cli- 
mate and  location. 

We  will  describe  the  Edifice  of  a  large 
Association  of  eighteen  hundred  persons :  a 
small  Association  will  of  course  be  first  esta- 
blished, but  if  the  reader  has  the  general  plaa 
and  arrangement  of  a  large  Association  pre- 
sented to  him,  he  can  form  an  idea  of  the 
Edifice  of  a  small  one,  as  it  is  merely  a  reduc- 
tion from  the  former. 

The  Edifice  should  consist  of  a  centre,  wings 
and  sub-winirs,  and  offer  the  greatest  variptv 


20 


THE   CORRIDORS   OR   COVERED  COMMUNICATIONS. 


of  form,  and  the  finest  combination  of  masses 
for  architectural  effect. 

The  square  or  oblong  form  should  be 
avoided,  as  it  is  both  monotonous  and  heavy. 
The  centre  of  the  Edifice  should  be  the  most 
striking  and  elegant  part  of  the  building,  and 
would  be  reserved  for  public  purposes  and 
uses. 

From  the  centre,  the  Wings  would  project 
at  right  angles,  and  tbe  sub-wings  would  fall 
off  to  the  right  and  left  from  the  main  wings. 
The  projecting  wings  and  centre  would  form  a 
spacious  area  or  square,  where  large  assem- 
blages could  be  held  and  celebrations  take 
place. 

To  avoid  giving  too  great  an  extension  to 
the  building,  it  should  be  three  stories  high, 
and  rest  upon  a  spacious  basement.  In  the 
basement  would  be  located  the  kitchens,  store- 
rooms, some  workshops  and  public  halls,  etc. 

The  centre  of  the  Edifice  will  be  reserved, 
as  we  said,  for  public  purposes ;  it  will  contain 
the  Dining-Halls,  Council-Rooms,  Library, 
Reading-Rooms,  Lecture-Rooms,  Saloons  for 
social  unions  and  the  Exchange.  An  Asso- 
ciation, however  small,  must  have  its  Ex- 
change, where  the  members  can  meet  to  dis- 
cuss their  industrial  interests,  concert  meetings 
of  the  groups  and  series,  and  transact  a  variety 
of  business. 

From  the  centre  of  the  Edifice  will  rise  a 
tower  which  will  overlook  the  Domain,  and 
communicate,  by  signals  and  other  means, 
with  all  parts  of  it.  A  large  and  opulent  As- 
sociation would  have  an  Observatory,  which 
would  be  placed  in  this  tower. 

The  Church  would  be  a  separate  building 
m  order  to  give  it  size ;  it  should  be  situated 
near  the  main  Edifice  and  communicate  with 
it  by  a  covered  corridor.  In  a  small  Associa- 
tion, the  Church  could  be  incorporated  in  the 
main  building. 

The  Manufactories  and  "Workshops,  or  in 
the  language  of  Association,  the  Halls  of 
Industry,  would  be  located  in  one  of  the  ex- 
treme wings.  In  a  small  Association,  they 
might  be  situated  in  a  separate  building,  as 
the  wings  would  not  be  distant  enough  from 
the  centre  to  prevent  the  noise  from  incom- 
moding the  inhabitants. 

The  public  Halls  would  be  distinct  in  their 
appropriations  for  different  purposes;  they 
would,  with  a  few  exceptions,  consist  of  a 
number  of  contiguous  saloons,  so  as  to  admit 
of  subdivisions  in  all  social  unions,  meetings, 
etc.  A  ball  or  banquet  forms  at  present  but 
one  assemblage,  without  subdivisions:  this 
confusion  will  not  take  place  in  Association ; 
there  would  not  be,  to  choose  the  mode  of 
eating  as  an  example,  one  vast  hall,  where 
all  the  members,  old  and  young,  would  dine 
together ;  on  the  contrary,  a  large  Association 
would  have  several  public  banquet  halls. 

One  for  persons  extremely  advanced  in  age. 

Two  for  children. 

Three  for  tables  of  the  first  or  cheaper 
pnce. 

Two  for  tables  of  the  second  or  middle 


One  for  tables  of  the  third  or  higher  price. 

These  different  prices  are  established  to 
suit  different  tastes,  degrees  of  fortune  and 
the  desire  of  economy ;  variety  is  a  source  of 
concord,  when  people  possess  full  liberty  to 
choose  and  the  means  of  doing  so. 

In  a  small  Association,  three  dining-halls 
would  be  sufficient :  one  for  children,  and  two 
for  tables  at  different  piices;  this  degree  of  va- 
riety at  least  should  be  observed.  Adjoining 
the  public  saloons,  small  dining-rooms  should 
be  fitted  up,  where  parties  or  groups  could 
eat  apart  from  the  large  tables.  It  will  hap- 
pen daily  that  parties  of  friends  will  wish  to 
dine  by  themselves :  they  can  do  so  in  these 
rooms,  where  they  will  be  served  in  the  same 
manner  and  at  the  same  price  as  at  the  large 
tables.  It  will  be  very  little  additional  trouble 
to  serve  liieals  in  them,  and  as  such  a  distri- 
bution of  dining  halls  will  promote  greatly 
freedom  of  choice,  and  add  to  individual  liberty 
and  comfort,  it  should  not  be  neglected.  Peo- 
ple can,  if  they  wish,  dine  also  in  their  private 
apartments  by  paying  a  small  extra  charge. 


THE   CORRIDORS   OR   COVERED  COMBIUNICA'nONS. 

One  of  the  most  convenient  and  beautiful 
features  in  the  material  arrangement  of  the 
Edifices  of  Association,  will  be  a  large  and 
spacious  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico,  which 
will  wind  around  one  entire  front  of  the  build- 
ing, and  will  form  an  elegant  covered  com- 
munication, which  will  lead  to,  and  connect 
all  parts  of  the  Edifice, — the  public  halls  and 
saloons,  the  exchange,  reading-rooms,  privatt 
apartments,  halls  of  industry,  etc. 

The  Edifice  of  an  Association  may  be  com- 
pared to  a  town  under  one  roof,  and  it  must 
have  an  avenue  or  public  way,  corresponding 
to  a  street,  which  will  form  a  means  of  com- 
munication with  all  quarters  of  the  building ; 
this  avenue  is  the  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico, 
which,  in  a  large  Association,  should  be  about 
twenty-four  feet  wide ;  by  means  of  it,  the 
inhabitants  could,  in  the  depths  of  winter, 
visit  each  other,  go  to  parties,  public  assem- 
blies, concerts,  lectures,  etc.  without  knowing 
whether  it  snowed  or  rained,  or  whether  it 
was  cold  or  blustering. 

What  an  advantage,  what  a  source  of  com- 
fort it  would  be  to  have,  instead  of  an  open 
street,  exposed  to  the  hot  sun  in  summer  and 
to  the  cold  in  winter,  and  which  is  always 
either  dusty  or  muddy,  a  spacious  and  elegant 
Corridor,  forming,  besides  a  most  convenient 
and  comfortable  mode  of  communication,  a 
delightful  place  of  promenade,  a  place  for 
exhibitions  of  works  of  Art  and  Industry, 
and  useful  for  other  public  purposes !  How 
much  unnecessary  disease  would  also  be 
avoided  by  such  covered  communications,  f^r 
we  may  safely  estimate  that  one-half  of  colds, 
consumptions,  pleurisies  and  rheumatisms,  is 
the  result  of  exposure  and  sudden  changes  of 
temperature  !  What  an  economy  also  in  car- 
riajQ'es  and  in  the  various  means  of  jrotection^ 


THE  EDIFICE. 


21 


such  as  cloaks,  furs,  umbrellas,  overshoes, 
etc.,  to  which  we  must  now  resort  to  protect 
ourselves  against  the  weather  in  going  from 
our  houses  into  open  and  exposed  streets !  If 
people  would  but  reflect  with  impartiality  upon 
the  immense  economies,  the  comfort  and  con- 
venience, the  saving  of  time  and  sickness, 
which  would  result  from  the  combined  and 
scientific  system  of  architecture  of  Association, 
they  would  be  enthusiastic  in  their  admiration 
of  it,  and  would  condemn  utterly  our  present 
defective  and  unhealthy  system  of  building. 
The  Corridor  of  a  large  Association  should 
be,  in  the  centre  of  the  Edifice,  about  twenty- 
four  feet  Avide,  and  in  the  wings  eighteen. 
In  a  small  Association,  such  as  would  be  first 
established,  it  could  be  much  narrower.  It 
would  pass  along  on  a  level  with  the  first 
story  or  on  the  top  of  the  basement,  and  not 
upon  the  ground,  as  some  openings  for  car- 
riages must  be  left  through  the  basement. 
The  Corridor  could  be  placed  on  the  outside 
of  the  building,  and  the  top  would  form  a 
terrace  for  the  second  story,  or  it  could  be  en- 
closed within  the  outside  walls  of  the  Edifice, 
and  the  roof  would  project  over  it.  In  the 
latter  case,  it  would  be  the  height  of  the  entire 
Duilding — that  is,  three  stories ;  and  the  win- 
dows which  lighted  it  should  be  high  and 
spacious,  like  those  of  a  church.  The  doors 
of  the  public  halls  and  private  apartments 
would  open  upon  it,  as  the  outside  doors  of 
our  houses  now  open  into  the  street ;  flights 


of  steps  would  lead  from  it  to  the  upper  sto- 
ries. In  a  large  and  opulent  Association,  with 
what  elegance  could  its  corridors  be  fitted 
up  !  what  an  ornament  they  would  be  !  and 
what  a  field  for  the  display  of  the  genius  of 
its  artists ! 

"To  pass  a  winter's  day,"  says  Fourier, 
"  in  the  Edifice  of  an  Association, — to  visit 
all  parts  of  it  without  exposure  to  the  incle- 
mency of  the  weather, — to  go  to  balls  and 
parties  in  light  dresses  without  being  incom- 
moded by  the  cold,  without  knowing  whether 
it  rained  or  stormed,  would  be  a  charm  so 
new,  that  it  would  be  alone  sufficient  to  render 
our  residences  and  cities  detestable.  If  an 
Edifice,  like  that  of  an  Association,  were 
erected  in  our  Societies  and  adapted  to  the 
usages  of  the  present  mode  of  living,  the  con- 
venience alone  of  covered  communications, 
warmed  in  winter  and  aired  in  summer,  would 
give  to  it  an  immense  value.  Its  rents,  for 
the  same  quantity  of  space,  would  be  double 
those  of  our  present  houses. 

"  If  the  civilized  World,  after  three  thousand 
3"ears  of  study  and  practice  in  Architecture, 
has  not  yet  learned  how  to  construct  comlbrt- 
able  and  healthy  residences,  it  is  not  very 
surprising  that  it  has  not  learned  how  to  di- 
rect and  harmonize  the  Passions.  When  men 
fail  in  the  smallest  calculations  in  the  mate- 
rial order,  it  is  not  surprising  that  they  shouh 
fail  in  important  calculations  in  the  moral  o* 
spiritual  order." 


OA^ve-^  ^ 


GROUND  PLAN   OF   THE  EDIFICE   OF   AN   ASSOCIATION. 


EXPLANATION 


THE  GROUND  PLAN. 


A — Avenue  passing  between  the  main  Edi- 
fice and  the  store-houses,  granaries  and  other 
out-houses. 

S — Public  Square,  formed  by  the  centre  and 
projecting  wings  of  the  Edifice. 


G — Garden  enclosed  within  the  central 
range  of  buildings;  it  would  contain  the 
green-houses  and  form  a  winter  promenade. 

a,  e,  0,  u — Court-yards  between  the  diffe- 
rent ranges  of  buildings;  they  are  about  a 
hundred  feet  wide,  ornamented  with  trees  and 
shrubbery,  and  crossed  by  Corridors. 


22 


tTIE  EDIFICE. 


P,  P,  P — Large  portals  or  entrances  to  the 
Edifice. 

C— The  Church. 

H — A  larf^e  Hall  for  musical  representations 
and  festivities. 

B,  C,  J),  F — Granaries,  store-houses  and 
other  out-buildings. 

To  avoid  giving  too  great  a  length  to  the 
Edifice,  it  must  be  composed  of  a  double 
range  or  line  of  buildings,  encircling  the 
court-yards — a,  e,  o,  u,  and  the  garden — G. 
The  broad  dark  line  does  not  represent  the 
foundation  walls  of  the  Edifice,  but  the  entire 
width  of  a  range  of  buildings;  it  is  intended, 
together  with  the  light  dotted  line  around  the 
inside,  which  is  the  Corridor,  to  represent  a 
width  of  seventy-two  feet. 

Around  the  inside  of  the  Edifice  winds  the 
spacious  Corridor  or  enclosed  Portico,  which 
we  have  described ;  the  reader  Avill  see  that 
it  forms  a  belt,  encircling  all  parts  of  the 
building  and  uniting  them  in  a  whole. 

The  ranges  of  buildings  which  enclose  the 
garden — G,  will  be  reserved  for  public  pur- 
poses. The^r  will  contain  the  Council-Rooms, 
Reading-Rooms,  Library,  Exchange,  Public 
Halls,  Banquet-Rooms,  Saloons  for  parties, 
social  unions  and  public  assemblies,  and  some 
of  the  higher-priced  Apartments. 

The  open  spaces  left  between  the  parallel 
ranges  of  buildings  should  be  from  a  hundred 
to  a  hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide;  they 
would  form  elongated  court-yards,  traversed 
by  corridors,  and  should  be  planted  with  or- 
namental trees  and  shrubbery ;  in  Associa- 
tion the  useful  and  the  beautiful  must  be  in 
every  way  combined. 

The  noisy  workshops  would  be  located  in 
the_  basement  of  one  of  the  extreme  wings : 
their  noise  would  be  lost  in  this  distant  part 
of  the  Edifice,  and  would  not  inconmiode  the 
inhabitants. 

Play-grounds  for  children  would  occupy  the 
court-yard  of  the  same  wing ;  such  a  place 
would  be  necessary,  particularly  in  winter. 

A  portion  of  the  wing  opposite  the  one  de- 
voted to  noisy  occupations,  would  contain  the 
suites  of  apartments  reserved  for  travellers 
and  visitors. 

The  Edifice  of  an  Association  of  the  lari^est 
description  would  be  about  twent^'-two  hun- 
dred feet  in  length;  with  these  dimensions 
the  grand  square  could  be  twelve,  and  the 
wings  each  five,  hundred  feet  long.  As  we 
descend  to  smaller  Associations,  the  size  of 
the  Edifice  could  be  much  reduced,  and  for 
an  Association  of  four  hundred  persons,  a 
comparatively  plain  building  would  answer 
the  purpose. 

The  gardens  should,  if  practicable,  be  lo- 
cated behind  the  Edifice,  and  not  behind  the 
granaries  and  other  out-houses,  near  which 
the  fields  of  grain  had  better  be  placed.  This 
distribution  must,  however,  be  regulated  by 
localities. 

The  square  or  garden — G,  would  be  planted 
with  evergreens  and  would  contain  the  green- 
houses ;  it  could  in  winter  be  enclosed,  so  as 
to  form  a  beautiful  promenade,  where  flowers 


and  fohage  would  charm  the  eye  and  perfume 
the  atmosphere.  What  a  source  of  pleasure 
and  health  would  a  winter  garden  of  this  kind 
be  .'—and  how  many  similar  inlprovemenls 
over  the  present  mode  of  living  could  be  in- 
troduced into  Association ! 

Let .  Man  apply  the  principles  of  combina- 
tion and  unity  to  Architecture, — to  the  con- 
struction of  his  dwellings,  and  the  greatest 
improvements  in  household  arrangenieitts, — 
affecting  health,  comfort  and  convenience,  can 
be  introduced.  For  instance,  the  Edifice  of 
an  Association  could,  by  means  of  proper  ap- 
paratus connected  with  the  large  kitchen  fires, 
be  warmed  throughout  in  the  most  efficient, 
cleanly,  comfortable  and  economical  manner, 
and  so  as  to  avoid  all  danger  of  conflagrations. 
No  such  convenient,  safe  and  economical 
system  can  be  introduced  into  the  separate 
dwellingsof  isolated  families:  the  same  num- 
ber of  families  that  would  form  an  A  ssociation 
must  now  incur  the  expense  and  undergo  the 
incalculable  trouble  of  keeping  up  several  hun- 
dred little  fires. 

The  Edifice  could  be  supplied  with  water 
with  equal  convenience  and  economy :  pipes, 
containing  hot  and  cold  water,  could'  be 
conveyed  into  all  the  private  apartments, 
supplying  each  abundantly,  and  with  baths 
in  addition,  if  required.  What  a  source  of 
health  and  cleanliness !  and  what  a  saving 
in  the  complicated  labor  of  carrying  water 
daily  to  all  the  rooms  of  the  Edifice ! 

This  beautiful  and  economical  system,  would 
also  be  introduced  in  the  mode  of  lighting. 
A  small  gas  apparatus,  the  expense  of  which 
would  be  trifling,  could  be  fitted  up,  and  with 
the  refuse  stufi'  from  the  kitchens  of  an  oily 
or  greasy  nature,  the  entire  Edifice — its  pub- 
lic halls  and  saloons,  as  well  as  its  private 
apartments  —  could  be  brilliantly  lighted. 
What  economy  in  oil  and  candles,  and  what 
a  saving  of  time  and  trouble  in  cleaning  and 
trimming  daily  hundreds  of  candlesticks  and 
lamps ! 

In  the  isolated  household,  these  and  nume- 
rous other  advantages,  so  important  and  desi- 
rable, and  so  productive  of  economy,  comfort 
and  health,  cannot  be  attained.  So  long  as 
the  present  isolated  mode  of  living  continues, 
w^aste,  dirt,  drudgerj'"  and  disease  must  neces- 
sarily exist,  and  to  an  immense  extent. 


DEFECTS    OF    THE    PRESENT    SYSTEM    OF   AKCHI- 
TECTURE,    AND   ITS   SPIRIT. 

The  greatest  defects  and  inconveniences  are 
connected  with  our  separate  dwellings  and 
our  present  mode  of  building.  We  Avill  point 
out  a  few,  which  will  serve  as  suggestions, 
and  direct  the  reader  in  examining  the  sub- 
ject critically  for  himself. 

Separate  dwellings  are,  first,  very  expensive 
on  account  of  the  immense  number  of  useless 
kitchens,  cellars,  garrets,  internal  and  external 
walls,  chimneys,  fire-places,  cisterns,  sinks, 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


23 


and  other  fixtures,  which  they  require.  (We 
call  them  useless,  because  iu  Association  a  few 
large  ones  would  replace  them.)  Second, 
great  cares  and  vexations  are  attendant  upon 
overseeing  and  managing  them,  to  which  are 
to  be  added  the  trouble  and  losses  arising  from 
the  carelessness  and  faithlessness  of  servants. 
Third,  tiiere  are  no  proper  places  and  conve- 
niences for  the  healthy  exercise  and  sports, 
and  the  useful  occupation  of  Children,  and 
they  are,  for  these  and  other  reasons,  entirely 
unsuited  to  them.  Fourth,  there  is  no  conve- 
nient and  economical  mode  of  heating  them, 
and  supplying  them  with  water.  Fifth,  they 
absorb,  in  one  ceaseless  round  of  petty  domes- 
tic cares,  the  time  and  attention  of  Women, 
who  by  this  means  are  debarred  from  taking 
part  in  active  and  productive  pursuits,  and  are 
forced  to  lead  a  confined  life  which  entails 
upon  them  physical  Debility  and  Disease,  with 
their  consequences — lassitude,  fretfulness,  list- 
lessness,  melancholy  and  mental  prostration. 
Sixth,  they  are  unhealthy,  as  they  have  no 
covered  communications  to  protect  people 
from  exposure  in  going  from  their  warm 
rooms  into  the  open  air ;  they  are  particularly 
so  in  cities,  where  there  is  not  a  free  circula- 
tion of  air,  and  trees  and  abundant  foliage  to 
purify  the  atmosphere,  and  wiiere  the  mias- 
matic exhalations  of  innumerable  sinks  and 
foul  gutters  must  be  inhaled  by  the  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  country,  on  the  other  hand, 
they  are  lonely  and  solitary. 

As  regards  economy  in  construction,  the 
contrast  between  a  large  and  regularly  planned 
Edifice  of  an  Association  and  a  mass  of  three 
hundred  irregularly  constructed  houses,  is  most 
striking. 

Three  hundred  separate  houses  require  at 
least  a  thousand  unnecessary  walls,  five  or 
six  hundred  chimneys,  twelve  to  fifteen  hun- 
dred fire-places,  stoves  or  grates,  a  thousand 
or  more  stair-cases,  three  or  four  thousand 
little  windows  and  doors,  hundreds  of  pan- 
tries, coal-vaults,  wells,  cisterns,  sinks,  and 
other  constructions  and  fixtures,  which  cost  in 
the  aggregate  a  vast  amount  and  require  con- 
stant repairs. 

The  Edifice  of  an  Association,  on  the  other 
hand,  would  save  a  great  number  of  walls;  it 
would  require  but  a  few  large  chimneys,  a 
tew  grates  or  fire-places,  and  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  wells,  cisterns,  coal-vault's 
and  similar  fixtures ;— its  doors  and  windows 
would  be  large  and  airy,  its  stair-cases  spacious 
and  convenient,  and  while  everything  was 
upon  an  extended  scale  and  beautiful,  it  would 
be  methodical,  economical  and  comfortable. 

They  who  can  divest  themselves  of  the 
prejudices  and  influence  of  habit  and  custom, 
must  perceive  the  immeasurable  superiority 
of  the  combined  and  unitary  system  of  Archi- 
tecture of  Association  over  the  incoherent, 
isolated  and  fragmental  constructions  of  the 
present  social  Order. 

The  Spirit  of  a  Society  is  stamped  upon  its 
Architecture. 
And  what  is  the  Spirit  of  the  Society  in 


which  we  live?     Look  at  its  architectural, 
constructions;  they  will  answer  the  question. 

In  its  isolated  little  Dwellings,  well  walled 
in,  and  well  secured  by  bolts  and  bars, — you 
have  the  symbol  or  typical  designation  of  the 
distrustful,  selfish  spirit  of  the  isolated  family, 
exposed  to  danger  and  encroachments  from 
without,  and  disassociated  in  interests  with 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

In  its  irregular  and  incoherent  Cities,  with, 
their  houses  of  all  forms,  sizes  and  colors,  and 
of  all  materials  and  modes  of  construction, — 
you  have  symbols  of  the  separation  and  con- 
flict of  all  interests,  and  the  evidence  of  the  ab- 
sence of  all  unity  and  concert  of  social  action. 

In  its  Jails  and  Penitentiaries,  in  its  Dun- 
geons, Scaffolds  and  Guillotines, — you  have 
symbols  of  the  crimes  which  result  from  the 
moral  degradation  of  man,  and  the  frightful 
perversion  of  the  passions. 

In  its  Poor-houses  and  lunatic  Asylums, — • 
you  have  symbols  of  the  poverty  and  destitution 
which  exist,  and  of  the  moral  disease  which 
results  from  maddening  violations  of  human 
nature. 

In  its  Forts,  Fortifications  and  Navies, — you 
have  symbols  of  the  hatreds  and  dreadful 
strife  of  nations. 

In  its  confined  and  filthy  Workshops  and 
Manufactories, — you  have  symbols  of  the  re- 
lentless and  merciless  spirit  of  gain. 

In  its  dens  of  Drunkenness,  its  Gambling- 
houses  and  other  haunts  of  vice,  and,  descend- 
ing into  details,  in  its  Stocks,  Whipping-posts, 
Treadmills,  etc., — you  have  symbols  of  the 
various  degrees  and  shades  of  violence,  dis- 
cord, depravity  and  crime,  which  darken  the 
social  existence  of  mankind. 

Yes,  the  Spirit  of  a  Society  is  stamped  upon 
its  Architecture. 

Do  not  the  inanimate  constructions  which 
surround  us  proclaim  the  want  of  a  new  So- 
cial Order? — Do  they  not  speak  to  us  in  a 
language  not  to  be  misunderstood,  of  the 
falseness  of  Society,  and  the  urgent  necessity 
of  a  great  Social  Reform  ?  And  when  every 
thing  is  thus  combined  to  prove  the  subver- 
sion of  all  principles  of  truth,  of  order,  of  jus- 
tice and  harmony  in  the  social  World,  why 
cannot  men  of  intelligence  see  it, — see  and  be 
convinced  of  it,  so  that  they  may  labor  to  lift 
Humanity  and  themselves  out  of  the  social 
quagmire  in  Avhich,  with  apathetic  resigna- 
tion, they  now  live  ? 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


People  are  apt  to  imagine  that  if  eighteen, 
or  even  four,  hundred  persons  were  to  live  to- 
gether in  one  Edifice — no  matter  how  large 
and  commodious — the  privacy  and  retirement 
of  domestic  life  would  be  destroyed,  and  in- 
dividual liberty  and  independence  lost.  This 
is  a  very  great  error :  domestic  privacy  will 
be  fully  preserved  in  Association,  and  those 
who  love  retirement,  will  be  able  to  enjoy  it 
to  the  full  extent  of  their  desires.   The  charms 


24 


PRIVATE  APARTMENTS. 


of  domestic  privacy  and  the  pleasures  of  social 
life  must  be  in  every  way  combined.  Man 
requires  them  botli,  and  with  alternations 
from  one  to  the  other,  as  his  feelings  at  dif- 
ferent times  may  dictate. 

As  reg-ards  living  in  one  Edifice,  let  us  ask, 
cannot  a  person  who  has  the  means  of  taking 
a  suite  of  rooms  in  a  large  and  well-kept  ho- 
tel, like  the  best  in  our  cities,  and  who  can 
dine  in  his  own  apartments  or  at  the  public 
tables  as  he  wishes,  live  privately  and  enjoy 
quite  fully  the  pleasures  of  domestic  life? 
How  infinitely  superior  is  this  mode  of  living 
to  that  in  which  ninety-nine  hundredths  of 
the  population  now  live  !  How  much  prefer- 
able to  inhabiting,  for  example,  lonely  dwell- 
ings, like  our  farmers,  distant  from  neighbors 
and  cut  off  from  the  enjoyments  of  social  and 
public  life — or  to  living  in  confined  and  mise- 
rable tenements  in  cities,  like  the  working 
classes,  harassed  by  all  the  cares,  troubles  and 
vexations  of  the  isolated  household  ! 

The  residence  of  an  Association  would, 
however,  be  mfmitely  more  pleasing  and 
agreeable  than  that  of  the  best  managed  ho- 
tels. The  Edifice,  surrounded  by  extensive 
and  beauiiful  fields  and  gardens,  would  com- 
bine all  the  advantages,  resources  and  enjoy- 
ments of  city  and  country  life,  and  avoid  the 
disadvantages  of  both. 

It  is  very  true  that  hotels  are  in  many  re- 
spects disagreeable:  they  are  noisy ;  smoking 
and  drinking  are  carried  on  in  them,  and  they 
are  occupied  by  persons  Avho  for  the  most  part 
are  idle  and  are  strangers  to  each  other,  and 
a  tone  pervades  them  Avhich  is  repulsive  to 
many ;  they  are  besides  entirely  unsuited  to 
children. 

In  an  Association,  on  the  contrary,  all  these 
defects  would  be  obviated:  order  and  quiet 
would  be  maintained  in  those  parts  of  the 
Edifice  appropriated  to  the  private  residences ; 
occupation  would  be  universal,  and  idleness, 
and  the  lassitude  and  vicious  habits  which  it 
engenders,  would  not  exist ;  the  children  would 
be  usefully  and  agreeably  employed,  and  the 
freest  range  for  healthy  sports  and  pleasures 
would  be  provided  for  them,  so  that  they  would 
occasion  no  disturbance.  All  these  advantages 
Avill  give  Association  an  incalculable  superior- 
ity over  all  our  present  modes  of  living — over 
the  hotel  as  well  as  the  isolated  household. 

Besides  the  example  of  hotels,  we  see  per- 
sons of  rank  and  fortune  having  apartments 
and  residing  in  palaces,  like  Windsor  Castle 
or  the  Palace  of  the  Tuileries.  Is  the  privacy 
of  domestic  life  destroyed  because  other  per- 
sons are  living  in  the  same  Edifice?  Certainly 
not :  why  then  should  it  be  in  an  Association  ? 
With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  will 
proceed  to  describe  the  arrangement  of  the  pri- 
vate apartments.  Part  of  the  first  and  most 
of  the  second  and  third  stories  of  the  Edifice 
will  be  reserved  for  the  private  apartments. 
They  will  vary  in  size  and  price  to  suit  single 
persons  or  families,  the  fortunes  of  people  and 
the  desire  of  economy. 

There  would  be  sniall  apartments  for  single 
persons,  consisting  of  a  single  room  with  an 


alcove,  and  large  apartments,  consisting  of 
parlors,  drawing-rooms,  sleeping-rooms,  a  li- 
brary, etc.  The  rents  would  vary  according 
to  the  size  and  location  of  the  apartments. 
This  variety  must  exist  in  Association  in  order 
to  satisfy  all  tastes  and  different  degrees  of 
fortune ;  if  a  rich  person  wishes  to  economize 
in  rent  and  take  a  small  apartment,  he  can 
do  so ;  and  if  a  person  in  moderate  circum- 
stances is  willing  to  pay  more  for  his  rooms 
and  economize  in  some  other  way,  he  also 
can  do  so. 

Care  must  be  taken  not  to  locate  all  the 
cheaper  apartments  in  one  part  of  the  Edifice. 
There  must  be  a  regular  alternation  of  higher 
and  lower  priced  suites  of  rooms,  so  that  by 
the  side  of  one — the  rent  of  which  is  fifty  dol- 
lars a  year,  there  may  be  located  another,  the 
rent  of  avhich  is  a  hundred  dollars  a  vear, — 
thus,  $50—100,  60—120,  80—160, 100—200, 
150 — 300,  in  an  increasing  progression.  This 
will  prevent  any  part  of  the  Edifice  from  being^ 
lowered  in  public  estimation. 

The  private  apartments  will  be  separated 
by  division  walls,  so  that  no  noise  can  be  heard 
from  one  to  the  other.  People  can,  by  this 
means,  live  as  isolatedly  in  the  Edifice  of  an 
Association  as  they  now  do  in  cities,  where 
the  houses  touch,  and  are  separated  only  by 
walls.  They  could,  in  fact,  live  more  retiredly 
in  Association  than  they  now  can  in  cities. 
Individuals,  having  a  taste  for  retirement, 
could  take  apartments  in  one  of  the  extreme 
wings  of  the  Edifice ;  they  would  not  be  in- 
truded upon  in  their  rooms,  and  in  the  more 
distant  parts  of  the  building,  few  persons  would 
be  passing,  so  that  there  would  be  no  noise  or 
confusion;  the  windoAvs  of  the  apartments 
would  look  out  upon  the  fields  and  gardens, 
where  quiet  would  reign,  and  beautiful  scenery 
would  greet  the  eye — and  not  upon  the  back 
yards  of  other  houses,  where  the  private  oc- 
cupations of  families  are  seen,  or  upon  narrow 
streets,  where  passing  crowds,  the  din  of  carta 
and  the  screamsof  street-renders,  confuse  the 
mind  and  stun  the  ear. 

The  entrances  to  the  private  apartments 
will  be  from  the  large  Corridor,  instead  of 
from  an  exposed  and  dirty  street,  as  at  pre- 
sent. 

The  private  apartments  will  be  rented  by 
the  Council  to  the  members,  and  the  rents 
will  be  paid  annually  at  the  time  of  the  ge- 
neral settlement. 

No  restrictions  of  any  kind  will  be  put  upon 
individual  liberty :  people  can  rent  such  apart- 
ments as  they  wish,  and  have  their  private 
libraries,  collections  of  paintings,  baths,  etc. 
in  them  as  they  now  can  in  their  houses; 
they  can  give  parties,  receive  the  visits  of 
friends  and  enjoy  the  family  circle  as  freely 
as  at  present.  The  difference  betv/een  Asso- 
ciation and  the  present  social  order  in  this 
respect  is,  that  the  former  will  extend  these 
and  other  advantages,  now  limited  to  a  very 
few,  to  all ;  and  should  there  be  some  persons 
who  cannot  go  to  the  expense,  for  example, 
of  private  libraries  or  baths,  there  will  be 
public  libraries  and  baths,  which  will  be  opea 


TO  ARTISTS. 


to  them,  so  that  not  a  single  pleasure,  enjoy-  ; 

ment  or  privilege  will  be  shut  out  from  any  ; 

member  of  an  Association,  no  matter  how  ;; 

moderate  his  fortune  may  be.  J 


TO   ARTISTS. 


[We  have  endeavored  throughout  this  pam- 
phlet to  divest  our  descriptions  of  everything 
that  might  appear  overcharged  or  imaginative, 
and  to  confine  them  to  the  most  obvious  and 
practical  views ;  but  before  leaving  the  sub- 
ject of  architecture,  which  throws  open  so  rich 
a  field  to  the  imagination,  we  cannot  refrain 
for  once  from  entering  the  realms  of  ideality, 
and  presenting  to  the  reader  a  glowing  and 
brilliant  sketch  of  the  Architecture  of  the  Fu- 
ture. It  may  appear  extravagant  to,  and  dis- 
please some  minds,  but  it  will  please  others 
— the  ardent  and  enthusiastic,  who  hope  for 
Mankind  a  Destiny  of  grandeur  and  exaltation 
on  this  earth ; — and  as  our  object  is  to  interest 
as  many  persons  as  possible  in  the  great  cause 
for  which  we  are  laboring — the  moral,  in- 
tellectual AND  PHYSICAL  ElEVATION  OF  THE 

Human  Race — we  must  appeal  to  men  of  dif- 
ferent spheres  of  thought  and  sympathy. 

The  sketch  which  we  give,  we  translate 
from  a  beautiful  description  of  the  architecture 
of  Association  by  Victor  Considerant,  one 
of  the  first  and  most  ardent  disciples  of  Fou- 
rier and  principal  Editor  of  the  Paris  Phalanx. 
We  extract  it  from  the  part  of  his  description 
in  which  he  appeals  to  Artists.] 

Artists !  Artists !  you,  men  of  brilliant  ima- 
gination, of  hearts  of  poetry,  here  is  a  new 
and  noble  sphere  open  to  you.  What  are  you 
doing  in  this  prosaic  world  ?  do  you  feel  your- 
selves at  ease  in  the  industrial  and  commercial 
society  which  surrounds  you?  What  do  you 
gain  by  imprisoning  your  aspirations  in  its 
stale  and  monotonous  existence  ? 

The  calculated  parsimony  of  the  merchant, 
the  narrow  caprices  of  some  parvenu  of  fi- 
nance, the  strict  economy  of  the  impoverished 
descendant  of  an  antique  race, — all  that  suits 
not  art,  all  that  opens  no  field  to  imagination 
and  conception !  There  is  no  longer  any  source 
of  wealth  but  in  commerce,  and  commerce 
does  not  love  art.  The  money-making — the 
industrial  and  commercial  spirit  of  the  age 
has  smothered  the  genius  of  art.  It  is  dying 
in  lithography.  What  have  you  to  do  ?  there 
are  no  more  cathedrals  to  build ;  the  age  calls 
for  no  more  vast  and  noble  constructions,  to 
be  ornamented  with  statues  and  large  paint- 
ings, to  be  adorned  with  sculptures  and  fres- 
coes; there  is  no  more  canvass  to  be  covered, 
no  more  marble  to  be  sculptured.  Our  wood 
and  plaster  constructions,  our  papered  walls 
have  replaced  them  all  ...  . 

Do  you  wish  that  Architecture  should  rise 
again  ?  Bring  forth  anew  the  conditions  which 
encouraged  and  sustained  it  formerly ;  make 
a  new  concentration  of  the  will  of  Humanity. 
— ^And  it  will  not  be  this  time  a  concentration 


operated  around  a  single  point — political  or 
religious:  it  will  be  the  powerful  and  harmo- 
nious fusion  of  all  the  elements  of  the  human 
will ;  it  will  be  a  universal  concentration,  a 
complete  association  of  all  the  faculties  and 
of  all  the  passions ;  it  will  be  Humanity  united 
in  its  force  and  in  its  wholeness ;  and  the  ar- 
chitecture which  will  grow  out  of  this  com- 
plete and  unitary  combination  will,  itself,  be 
as  complete  and  unitary. 

It  will  not  be  alone  the  cathedral  or  the 
town  hall,  the  college,  the  theatre,  the  city 
or  country  residence,  the  chateau,  the  manu- 
factory, the  exchange,  or  other  of  our  isolated 
constructions.  .  .  It  will  be  them  all  at  once ; 
all  collected,  combined,  united  into  one,  form- 
ing a  whole  with  the  contrasts  and  the  thou- 
sand harmonies  of  a  world !  Such  will  be  the 
architecture  of  the  future. — Compare  the  PAa- 
lansteries,  (the  technical  name  given  by  Fou- 
rier to  the  Edifice  of  an  Association,)  compare 
the  cities  and  the  capitals,  deriving  from  the 
principle  of  Association — compare  them  with 
our  villages,  our  cities,  our  capitals,  deriving 
from  the  principle  of  isolation  and  disunited 
effort :  compare  them  and  pronounce. 

"  But  this  is  too  beautiful,"  say  wondering 
simpletons ;  "  this  is  too  beautiful  and  cannot 
be  realized.  They  are  crazy,  they  who  pre- 
tend it  can;  they  have  been  reading  fairy 
tales." 

Well,  as  we  are  on  this  subject,  let  us  dis-  a 
cuss  it  for  a  moment.     I  could  prove  rigoi 
rously  that  the  Phalansteries  of  a  high  state  | 
of  Social  Harmony — that  the  Phalansteries  / 
growing  out  of  the  opulence  of  the  Combined/ 
Order,  when  that  Order  has  taken  possession/ 
for  some  time  of  the  earth,  will  leave  far  be-l 
hind  them  in  magnificence,  in  brilliancy,  in 
color,  in  richness,  those  immense  cathedrals, 
surcharged  by  a  treble  portal,  with  shafts  and 
with  stone  fret- work — those  cathedrals,  every 
stone  of  which  was  stamped  with  the  im- 
press of  art,  and  the  windows,  the  arches,  the 
columns  and  walls  of  which  were,  on  the  in- 
terior and  exterior,  relieved  by  the  most  lively 
colors— vermilion,  gold  and  azure,  vying  in 
splendor  with  the  high  altar  and  the  stole  of 
the  officiating  priest. — For  thus  it  was. 

And  behold  the  monuments  with  which 
Europe  was  covered  in  three  centuries !  Be- 
hold what  a  single  principle  of  union  brought 
forth  from  amidst  general  disorder !  behold 
what  the  religious  sentiment  has  had  the 
power  of  extracting  from  the  midst  of  a  fa- 
mished society  !  If  these  things  have  been 
produced  in  the  midst  of  social  chaos,  think 
of  the  wonders  which  will  follow  social  har- 
mony ;  think  of  it,  and  logic  will  go  farther 
than  your  imagination,  and  you  will  not  find 
forms  and  colors  enough  to  represent  to  your 
mind  the  bright  and  resplendent  future  of  the 
transfigured  globe. 

The  palaces  of  the  Associations,  artists,  the 
rural  pavilions,  the  kiosks  and  bowers  with 
which  their  rich  fields  will  be  besprinkled, 
the  monumental  cities  and  the  capitals  of  the 
globe — behold,  artists!  what  is  well  worth 
the  prosaic  constructions  and  contracted  ar- 


MODE   OF  LIVING   AND  PUBLIC   TABLES. 


chitectural  works  of  our  societies.  .  .  .  There 
will  be  wanted  bold  arches  uniting  massive 
walls,  cupolas,  towers  and  up-shooting  spires ; 
your  genius  will  be  at  ease  in  those  grand 
lines,  the  forms  and  movements  of  which  you 
will  have  to  combine.  There  will  be  Avanted 
portals  to  the  palaces  of  the  Associations,  from 
which  seven  horses  abreast  can  pass  out  with 
ease;  there  will  be  wanted  windows  broad 
and  open,  by  which  the  sun  can  enter  into  the 
house  of  man  to  distribute  liberally  life  and 
color;  there  will  be  wanted  corridors,  bal- 
conies and  terraces,  where  the  population  of 
the  Phalanstery  may  spread  out  and  form 
around  it  bright  garlands  with  its  thousand 
heads  of  women  and  joyful  children.  .  .  There 
will  be  wanted  pictures  on  the  walls  of  its 
corridors  and  saloons,  ornaments  for  its  large 
w^orkshops,  frescoes  for  its  halls  of  the  sacred 
drama,  and  on  its  vaulted  ceilings,  frescoes 
and  sculptures ;  statues  at  its  portals  and  on 
its  large  stair- ways,  statues  on  its  entablatures 
and  among  the  trees  of  its  shady  gardens,  or- 
namented spouts  at  the  angles  of  its  cornices, 
heads  of  bronze  for  its  steam  engines,  marbles 
for  its  basins,  altars  for  its  temples,  and  a 
thousand  works  of  art  to  cover  and  adorn  it 
worthily. 
1^  There,  do  you  see,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
I  harmonize  Avater,  fire,  light,  granite,  and  the 
.'metals:  art  will  have  in  its  large  hands  all 
these  elements  to  combine ;  it  will  be  a  cre- 
ation ! 

Then  orchestras  of  a  thousand  parts,  choirs 
of  a  thousand  voices ;  hymns  and  poems  sung 
by  masses ;  ballets  danced  by  populations.  .  .  . 
For  the  Combined  Order,  with  its  system  of 
unitary  education,  Avill  raise  every  man  to  the 
dignity  of  Artist,  and  if  every  man  is  not  a 
poet  or  a  composer,  every  man  at  least  knows 
how  to  execute  his  part  in  the  whole,  each 
man  is  a  note  in  the  great  concert. 

And  who  would  take  upon  himself  to  affirm 
that  God  has  not  given  to  each  one  of  his  chil- 
dren a  head  which  thinks,  a  heart  which 
beats,  ears  which  love  harmony  and  fingers 
to  produce  it,  a  voice  for  song  and  eyes  for 
color,  without  permitting — without  wishing 
that  one  day  all  this  should  be  so.  Say,  ar- 
tist !  say,  poets !  feel  you  not  there  the  destiny 
of  man  ?  Say,  in  all  these  wonders  of  social 
harmony  do  you  not  feel  the  stamp  of  the 
beautiful  and  the  true,  the  type  of  Avhich 
exists  in  your  souls  ?  Say,  is  all  this  false, 
and  is  the  true  to  be  found  in  the  contracted 
and  prosaic  life,  works  and  constructions  of 
the  present — in  the  narrow,  trading  spirit,  in 
the  conflicts  and  discords  of  civihzed  society  ? 
Say,  does  not  this  suit  your  imaginations  and 
your  hearts  better  than  a  pyramid  of  Egypt, 
built  by  a  people  fed  on  onions  and  crushed 
under  the  weight  of  stones,  or  the  palace  of  a 
Nero,  or  even  the  column  of  Yendome,  built  of 
bronze  that  kills  in  battles  ^Yes,  yes,  it  is  the 
destiny  of  Humanity  to  be  rich  and  happy,  to 
embellish  its  planet,'  to  make  it,  with  the  thou- 
sand rich  and  varied  creations  upon  it,  a  resplen- 
dent dress  which  Avill  not  render  it  ashamed 
ia  the  celestial  ball,  where  it  occupies  in  the 


luminous  round  the  place  of  honor  beside  the 
sun  !  Yes,  when  Humanity  will  move  in  its 
power  and  live  according  to  its  law,  we  shall 
see  many  other  wonders  developed  under  the 
influence  of  human  power  combined  with  the 
vivifying  power  of  the  globe,  and  Avhat  I  have 
said  is  but  poverty  and  littleness  .  .  .  The  des- 
tiny of  man  is  there,  onward  W' 

But  let  us  stop  .  .  .  I  forget  that  these  words 
are  pronounced  in  a  world  of  pain  and  misery, 
where  six  thousand  years  of  suffering  have 
blighted  the  hearts  of  men  and  dried  up  in 
them  all  sources  of  hope.  Evil  has  infiltrated 
itself  into  the  very  marrow  of  their  bones, 
and  has  consumed  even  desire.  All  the  dreams 
— all  the  hopes  of  tlie  future  are  limited  at 
present  to  the  conquest  of  a  cheap  government j 
administerei 
Let  us  stop. 


MODE  OF  LIVING  AND  PUBLIC 
TABLES. 


We  must  adapt  Society,  in  all  its  architectural, 
social  and  domestic  arran;feiiients,  to  the  de- 
mands and  requirements  of  human  Nature,  and 
respect  individual  Liberty  to  the  fullest  extent ; 
and  not  endeavor  to  adapt  human  Natuie,  hy 
constraint  or  violence,  to  arbitrary  rules  and 
regulations,  and  a  false  organization  of  So- 
ciety. 


Association  will,  in  the  mode  of  living, 
avoid  all  confused  minglings  of  persons  on  -the 
one  hand,  and  monotonous  uniformity  on  the 
other :  it  will  secure  to  every  person  perfect 
liberty,  and  the  choice  of  the  privacy  of  do- 
mestic life  and  the  sociability  of  public  life, 
Avith  changes  from  one  to  the  other,  as  the 
feelings  may  dictate. 

It  wfll,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  the  in- 
habitants of  an  Association  will  all  eat  toge- 
ther at  one  common  table;  this  is  a  great 
mistake.  Association  Avifl  avoid  any  such 
monotony  or  sameness;  it  will  combine  va- 
riety Avith  order  and  refinement,  and  Avill 
establish  as  great  a  diversity  in  its  domestic 
and  social  arrangements  as  there  are  diver- 
sities of  tastes  and  inclinations  in  men,  so  as 
to  open  the  broadest  field  to  individual  liberty 
and  the  freedom  of  choice. 

If  we  Avere  to  seat  all  the  members  of  an 
Association  at  one  common  table,  Ave  should 
be  certain  of  displeasing  them  at  the  end  of  a 
week.  The  Combined  Order  must  offer  to 
every  person,  first,  the  privilege  of  dining  at 
the  public  tables,  in  the  small  dining-rooms 
adjoining,  or  in  his  oAvn  apartments;  second, 
the  choice  of  company  and  changes  of  com- 
pany; third,  the  choice  of  a  cheaper  or  dearer 
mode  of  living,  as  fortune  or  the  desire  of 
economy  may  require  or  dictate. 

Man  dislikes  uniformity ;  he  is  only  satisfied 
Avhen  the  greatest  variety  exists,  and  he  pos- 
sesses the  right  and  liberty  of  following  his 
tastes  and  inclinations.  People  possess  at 
present  scarcely  any  liberty  of  choice,  and  very 
little  variety  in  their  mode  of  life ;  they  haA-^e 
but  the  uniformity  of  the  isolated  household. 


MODE  OF  LIVING   AND  PUBLIC   TABLES. 


27 


except  occasional  parties  and  the  interchange 
of  tlie  visits  of  friends,  and  this  general  uni- 
formity, together  with  the  forced  union  of 
uncongenial  or  antipathetic  characters,  render 
life  but  too  often  a  scene  of  fatiguing  mono- 
tony, of  dissatisfaction,  contention  and  suf- 
fering. 

In  a  large  Association,  there  will  be  tables 
at  three  different  prices:  in  a  small  Associa- 
tion, tables  at  two  difierent  prices  may  be 
sufficient,  although  the  greatest  variety  in  this 
respect  is  desirable.  There  will  be  large  dining 
halls  for  the  different  priced  tables,  and  by  the 
side  of  these  large  halls,  there  will  be  small 
dining-rooms,  handsomely  fitted  up,  where 
parties  of  friends  can  dine  by  themselves.  By 
this  arrangement,  a  pleasing  variety  will  be 
offered  to  the  members,  and  every  one  can 
choose  his  company  and  vary  it  as  he  may 
desire.  Besides  this  variety,  which  is  infi- 
nitely greater  than  that  now  enjoyed  by  the 
rich  even,  families  can  take  their  repasts  in 
their  private  apartments — in  which  case,  how- 
ever, they  will  have  to  pay  a  slight  additional 
charge,  as  an  additional  trouble  and  expense 
will  be  incurred. 

The  mode  of  living  in  Association  will,  as 
we  see,  guaranty  perfect  freedom  of  choice ; 
and  individual  Liberty,  instead  of  being  re- 
stricted, will  be  greatly  extended.  So  far  from 
there  being  any  confused  minglings,  forced 
contacts  or  monotonous  uniformity,  that  va- 
riety will  exist  which  will  allow  of  the  nicest 
discriminations  and  selections,  according  to 
tastes  and  feelings.  Persons  can  dine  in 
public  or  private, — at  the  large  tables,  in  the 
small  rooms  adjoining,  or  with  their  families 
in  their  own  apartments ;  they  can  dine  one 
day  with  one  set  of  friends,  another  day  with 
another  set ;  they  can  invite  or  be  invited,  and 
€njoy  the  Privacy  of  domestic  life  or  the  Socia- 
bility of  public  life,  precisely  as  may  suit  their 
tastes  and  inclinations ; — and  this  liberty  will 
exist  for  all  without  exception. 

This  Variety  may  displease  some  persons 
who  have  been  drilled  into  the  Monotony  of 
our  present  mode  of  life,  and  they  will  be 
ready  to  exclaim  against  it,  as  they  were  be- 
fore ready  to  exclaim  against  the  idea  of  all 
eating  together  at  one  common  table,  but  in 
spite  of  present  prejudices  and  habits,  Asso- 
ciation must  observe  two  rules :  it  must  put 
no  restrictions  upon  individual  liberty,  where 
that  liberty  does  not  degenerate  into  license, 
or  annoy  others  ;  and  it  must  avoid  in  every 
way  sameness  and  constrained  contacts. 

Some  advocates  of  absolute  Equality  will 
object  to  tables  at  different  prices;  their  radi- 
calism misleads  them :  unless  we  can  establish 
a  perfect  Equality  of  fortunes  and  Uniformity 
of  tastes,  there  must  be  different  priced  tables, 
apartments,  etc.,  and  variety  in  the  general 
mode  of  life.  The  tables  will  not,  however, 
vary  greatly  in  price,  and  the  cheaper  ones 
will  be  supplied  with  all  that  the  Association 
produces,  so  that  there  will  be  very  little  dif- 
ference in  the  fare.  If  a  wealthy  person  wishes 
to  economize,  and  dine  at  the  cheaper  tables, 
Jie  can  do  so;  and  if  a  person  in  moderate 


circumstances  prefers  expending  more  for  his 
living  and  economizing  in  some  other  way,  he 
will  possess  the  same  liberty.  There  will  be, 
besides,  a  constant  interchange  of  invitations 
between  members  dining  at  the  different  ta- 
bles, so  that  the  difference  of  prices  will  pro- 
duce no  inequality  and  establish  no  difference 
of  classes.  A  principal  object  of  this  arrange- 
ment is  variety,  without  which,  freedom  in 
the  choice  of  company  and' social  relations  is 
impossible. 

When  Association,  with  its  vast  Economies 
and  its  system  of  attractive  Industry,  becomes 
general,  and  its  powerful  means  of  production 
are  properly  applied,  fortune  or  an  abundance 
will  be  secured  to  all,  and  the  scourge  of  poverty 
will  no  longer  exist ;  and  when  Man  is  mo- 
rally and  intellectually  elevated,  and  high  and 
noble  Pursuits  engage  his  attention,  instead  of 
the  present  grovelling  Strife  after  money,  then 
the  mere  possession  of  riches  will  not  confer 
rank  and  distinction  as  at  present ;  genius,  ta- 
lent, natural  character,  useful  services,  and 
proficiency  in  Industry  and  the  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences, will  be  the  avenues  to  honor  and  con- 
sideration in  Association. 

What  a  contrast  would  there  be  between 
the  mode  of  living  in  Association  and  the  pre- 
sent Social  Order !  How  do  the  vast  majority 
now  live  ?  They  eat  in  the  same  way,  and 
with  little  or  no  variety  in  food  or  company, 
day  after  day  the  year  through;  they  see 
their  wdves  obliged  to  drudge  continually  in 
miserable  little  kitchens  and  at  a  round  of 
menial  labor:  there  is  no  elegance  in  theiT 
houses,  furniture  or  other  objects,  which  sur 
round  them;  the  kitchen  and  parlor  are  often 
one,  and  they  are  frequently  without  a  suffi- 
ciency of  the  poor  food  upon  which  they 
subsist.  So  live  the  mass  in  their  isolated 
Households  in  civilized  Society,  and  they  who 
uphold  this  system  of  things,  fear  that  in  As- 
sociation the  Individual  will  be  merged  in 
the  Mass,  and  the  liberty  and  dignity  of  Man 
will  be  lost : — how  prejudice  can  blind  people ! 

The  Rich,  who  can  employ  servants  to  do 
their  household  and  menial  work,  and  escape 
the  drudgery  of  domestic  Labor,  are  of  course 
better  off;  but  after  all  how  monotonous, — 
often  how  discordant  and  miserable  is  their 
life  in  the  isolated  E[ousehold,  and  what  du- 
plicity is  often  resorted  to  in  order  to  present 
to  the  world  an  exterior,  which  gives  the  lie 
to  the  private  reality ! 

The  mechanism  of  Association  will,  in  every 
way,  be  adapted  to  Man,  and  secure  to  him 
the  fullest  personal  liberty.  They  who  love 
privacy — can  dine  in  their  own  apartments; 
they  who  love  sociability — at  the  public  ta- 
bles ;  they  who  wish  the  exclusive  company 
of  friends — in  the  small  dining  rooms; — and 
with  changes  and  alternations  as  the  feelings 
may  prompt.  There  is  no  legitimate  taste  or 
desire,  whether  temporary  or  permanent,  that 
cannot  be  satisfied ;  and  all  these  advantages 
will  be  enjoyed  without  the  care,  the  trouble 
and  the  expense  of  the  isolated  household. 
And  as  it  is  in  the  mode  of  living,  so  is  it  in 


I^M 


28 


IMAGINART   OBSTACLES  TO  ASSOCIATION. 


the  selection  of  pursuits  and  occupations,  in 
the  choice  of  pleasures  and  social  relations, 
and  in  ail  things  else  in  every  sphere  of  life. 

There  will  be  no  tyranny  or  dictation — no 
control  of  the  individual  by  the  individual — 
no  disciplining  by  monastic  rules  and  regula- 
tions— no  violation  of  individual  will  for  the 
pretended  good  of  the  community — no  subjec- 
tion of  man  to  arbitrary  systems; — but  liberty 
and  independence — the  satisfaction  of  all  le- 
gitimate tastes  and  inclinations,  with  variety 
and  change  in  order — unrestricted  personal 
freedom,  when  it  does  not  degenerate  into 
license — free  choice  in  occupations  and  social 
relations — no  sacrifice  of  the  individual  to  the 
mass — and  adaptation  of  the  social  Organiza- 
tion to  Man. 


IMAGINARY  OBSTACLES  TO  ASSO-     I 
CIATION.  j 


Unity  of  Interests— Unity  of  Education — Unity 
of  habits  and  manners,  are  the  foundati«n 
upon  which  Social  Concord  and  Harmony  must 
be  based. 


When  the  idea  of  Association  is  discussed, 
a  majority  of  persons  feel  towards  it,  at 
first,  instinctive  dislike ;  the  idea  of  forming 
any  close  connection  with  their  fellow-men,  is 
repulsive  to  them.  Let  us  explain  some  of 
the  causes  of  this  prejudiced  feeling,  and  show 
that,  as  it  is  the  result  of  false  social  in- 
fluences, it  is  ill-founded  and  may  be  removed, 
and  in  its  place  a  true  and  noble  sentiment  of 
Union  and  Brotherhood  awakened. 

1st.  Wherever  there  are  assemblages  of  per- 
sons at  present,  we  find  either  strict  discipline^ 
as  in  armies,  monasteries  and  manufactories ; 
or  rude  disorder,  as  at  public  meetings,  elec- 
tions and  in  mobs.  As  strict  discipline  and 
rude  disorder  are  both  repulsive  to  the  human 
feelings,  and  as  people  imagine  erroneously 
that  one  or  the  other  must  exist  in  Association, 
they  recoil  with  an  instinctive  aversion  from 
suck  contacts,  and  cling  to  the  privacy  of  the 
isolated  household. 

2d.  Free  Competition  in  Trade  and  Indus- 
try, and  the  envious  rivalry,  opposition,  over- 
reaching, fraud  and  injustice  to  which  it 
gives  rise,  engender  endless  misunderstand- 
ings, quarrels  and  discords  among  men ;  hence 
repugnant  feelings  and  antipathies  are  aroused, 
and  it  appears  impossible  to  them  to  associate 
and  live  in  peace  and  union  together.  But 
free  competition — that  selfish  strife  or  war  in 
Commerce  and  Industry  which  now  exists — 
will  be  replaced  in  Association  by  Unity  of 
Interests  and  Concert  of  Action,  and  as  man 
is  a  social  being,  he  will,  when  the  causes  of 
discord  and  disunion,  which  now  divide  So- 
ciety, are  done  away  with,  regard  Association 
as  the  true  order  of  Society. 

3d.  The  Mass  are  now  poor,  dependent,  and 
have  too  many  favors  to  ask — which  render 
close  contacts  disagreeable.  The  want,  also, 
of  refinement  in  habits  and  manners  among 
them,  repels  the  more  polite  and  educated, 


who  think  of  Association  only  as  an  order  of 
things  in  which  they  will  be  brought  into 
contact  with  the  poor  and  unrefined.  But  the 
MassAvill  be  rendered  independent  in  Asso- 
ciation, by  its  system  of  combined  attractive 
Industry,  and  will  be  refined  and  elevated  by 
the  social  advantages  which  they  will  enjoy. 

4th.  Difi'erences  in  the  tastes,  habits,  man- 
ners and  customs  of  people — resulting  from 
the  isolation  in  which  they  live  and  differ- 
ences of  education — and  the  coarseness,  bru- 
tality, drunkenness  and  other  defects  and  vices, 
which  exist  unfortunately  to  such  an  extent 
at  present,  render  the  society  of  individuals  in 
a  vast  many  cases  obnoxious,  loathsome,  and 
often  perfectly  insupportable  to  each  other. 

These  features  of  a  false  Society  will  not 
exist  in  Association,  for  there  a  system  of 
Universal  Education— one  and  equal  for  all — 
and  a  high  standard  of,  and  unity  in,  habits, 
manners  and  morals,  will  be  established. 

.5th.  Society  is  now  split  up  into  numerous 
sects  and  parties  in  Church  and  State,  and 
party  and  sectarian  Dissensions  add  to  the 
flames  of  discord  and  disunion,  and  make  con- 
cord and  unity — and  consequently  association, 
appear  utterly  impossible.  The  want,  also, 
of  a  true  standard  of  Morality,  based  upon  a 
scientific  knowledge  of  Human  Nature,  and 
comprehensive  enough  to  embrace  all  the  spi- 
ritual Phenomena  of  man,  gives  rise  to  reci- 
procal criticisms  and  condemnations  of  tastes, 
inclinations  and  manifestations  of  passion,  and 
increases  the  repellant  forces  at  work  in  so- 
ciety. 

6th.  The  long  continuance  of  depravity,  vice 
and  crime  upon  the  earth,  leads  people  to 
suppose  that  they  are  inherent  in  the  Nature 
of  Man,  and  will  always  exist ;  they  believe 
that  these  characteristics  of  past  and  present 
Societies  can,  under  no  circumstances,  be  era- 
dicated, and  that  they  will  be  transferred  into 
Association.  The  idea  of  coming  in  contact 
with  vicious  and  depraved  beings,  excites  ab- 
horrence, and  Association  is  condemned  from 
an  idle  fear,  which  has  no  foundation  in 
reality. 

The  error  of  the  World — and  a  groundless, 
superficial  one  it  is — is  to  suppose  that  these 
innumerable  causes  of  Discord  and  Division, 
which  now  separate  men  and  repel  the  idea 
and  desire  of  Union  and  Association,  are  im- 
mutable and  eternal,  and  can  under  no  Order 
of  things,  and  with  the  aid  of  no  new  social 
Combinations,  be  removed.  Men  are  without 
Hope  for  the  future— without  Faith  in  man : 
firm  in  the  belief  that  what  is,  always  will  be, 
and  that  what  has  not  been,  never  can  be, 
they  live  under  the  dominion  of  blighting  pre- 
judice—of a  fatal  resignation  to  evil,  which 
kills  desire  and  paralyzes  action. 

An  Examination  into  the  doctrines  of  Asso- 
ciation will  show  that  all  the  objections  which 
may  be  urged  against  it,  are  imaginary  and 
groundless,  and  arise  from  a  want  of  under- 
standing of  the  subject,  and  false  conceptions 
regarding  the  nature  of  man  and  social  des- 
tiny. The  error  which  the  world  now  enter- 
tains so  generally  that  Selfishness  and  Social 


ELEVATION  AND  REFINEMENT  OF  THE   MASS. 


29 


Discord  are  natural  and  unchangeable,  and 
that  good  Will  among  men  and  Social  Har- 
mony are  impossible,  will  be  dissipated: — 
with  the  universal  education,  the  universal 
independence  and  elevation,  which  the  Com- 
bined Order  will  secure  to  mankind — will 
come  new  social  feelings,  a  new  faith  and 
new  views  upon  all  subjects. 


ELEVATION  AND  REFINEMENT  OF 
THE  MASS. 


The  error  which  the  World  commits  is  to  judge 
Manas  he  is  found  in  our  false  Societies— sunk 
in  poverty,  ignorance  and  dependence,  and  his 
nature  perverted  or  degraded.  We  must  se- 
parate him  from  the  condition  in  which  he 
now  appears — separate  the  perversi(ms  of  his 
Passions  and  Faculties  from  their  real  essence, 
their  true  nature — and  study  him  as  he  comes 
from  the  hands  of  God,  uncorrupted  by  the 
false  social  influences  which  surround  him  on 
every  side  from  birth  to  death.  In  the  undeve- 
loped beings  which  surround  us,  we  no  more 
see  true  Humanity — the  real  Man,  than  we 
see  in  the  rough  block  of  marble  the  beautiful 
statue  which  may  be  sculptured  from  it. 

Whenever  the  subject  of  Association  is 
broached,  the  sensitive  imaginations  of  people 
— of  "  sterling  Democrats"  even — are  haunted 
with  visions  of  degrading  alliances  and  mean 
intercourse :  their  sensibility  is  shocked  at  the 
idea  of  association  with  those  whom  chance 
has  placed  in  an  humbler  sphere  of  life  than 
themselves.  Although  this  exclusive  sensi- 
tiveness does  not  sit  very  well  upon  the  shoul- 
ders of  men  professing  principles  of  "  Demo- 
cracy and  Equality,"  we  can  forgive  the 
inconsistency  between  their  doctrines  and 
practice,  because  it  originates  in  a  true  senti- 
ment, if  they  did  not  blindly  attempt  to  sus- 
tain their  prejudices  against  their  humble 
fellow-men,  by  crediting  the  monstrous  dogma 
that  "  one  portion  of  the  Human  Race  were 
made  for  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  wa- 
ter for  another  portion,"  or  in  other  words, 
that  the  great  majority  of  Mankind  must  be 
stink  in  Poverty  and  Ignorance,  and  condemned 
to  a  repugnant  round  of  toil  and  drudgery  to 
minister  to  the  ease  and  enjoyment  of  a  fa- 
vored few. 

As  we  said,  we  could  tolerate  and  forgive 
the  injustice  of  the  sentiment  of  exclusiveness, 
if  it  was  placed  simply  upon  the  ground  of  the 
true  and  natural  instinct  of  a  cultivated  mind 
to  shrink  from  the  contact  of  that  which  is 
coarse,  rude  or  vulgar;  but  when  it  is  at- 
tempted to  shelter  it  under  the  monstrous 
falsehood  that  the  Mass  can  never  be  elevated 
and  refined,  and  that  they  were  made  to  be 
drudges,  we  cannot  help  denouncing  it  in 
terms  which  such  ignorance  and  selfish  pride 
deserve. 

But  as  we  are  not  disposed  to  waste  time 
and  space,  we  will  confine  our  remarks  to 
plain  reasoning,  to  satisfy;  sincere  and  unpre- 
judiced minds  that  there  is  nothing  to  fear  in 
Association  from  a  contact  with  coarse,  ig- 
norant and  vulvar  nersons.  while  in  the  nre- 


sent  state  of  society  this  contact  is  constant 
and  unavoidable. 

It  is  a  mistaken  idea  of  People  to  suppose 
that  in  Association  there  will  be  an  indiscri- 
minate herding  of  all  sorts  of  persons  in  one 
establishment,  without  any  regard  to  moral 
or  personal  fitness,  and  that  then,  because 
there  exists  social  equality,  there  will  be  re- 
pugnant connexions. 

We  know  perfectly  well  that  Association, 
when  its  immense  advantages  are  once  proved 
by  practical  experiment,  will  spread  most  ra- 
pidly ;  still,  in  the  formation  of  Associations, 
People  will  come  toj^ether  from  various  cir- 
cumstances of  equality  and  similarity  in  con- 
dition,—  such  as  Fortune,  Rank,  religious 
Opinions,  etc.,  and  in  no  case  is  it  contem- 
plated to  mar  the  comfort  and  harmony  of  a 
Community  by  the  introduction  of  gross  in- 
congruities of  character,  habits  and  manners. 

The  great  body  of  Mankind  are  uneducated, 
and  coarse  in  body  and  in  mind ;  it  will  be  the 
work  of  time  to  elevate  them  to  a  standard  in 
Manners  and  Intelligence,  that  will  fit  them 
for  refined  social  intercourse.  But  Association, 
with  its  superior  system  of  Education,  its  sys- 
tem of  honorable  Industry,  and  other  means 
of  improvement  and  refinement,  will  elevate 
rapidly  the  Mass,  and  the  first  Generation 
born  and  brought  up  in  Association  will  have 
cast  off  all  traces  of  the  ignorance,  coarseness 
and  vulgarity  now  entailed  by  a  false  Society 
upon  the  multitude. 

We  are  well  aware  that  in  the  mean  time, 
social  Equality  cannot  be  established  between 
a  low  and  ignorant  population,  and  refined  and 
intelligent  persons.  The  favored  Classes  will, 
as  soon  as  Association  is  established,  make  it 
their  pride  and  ambition  to  provide  the  means 
for  the  gradual  Elevation  of  their  less  favored 
fellow-men,  but  they  will  not  be  called  upcHi 
to  sacrifice  their  feelings  and  comfort  in  pro- 
miscuous association. 

We  have  made  these  general  remarks  to 
show  that  people  need  not  fear  that  Associa- 
tion will  disturb  all  their  notions  of  propriety 
in  social  intercourse  by  thrusting  them  among 
a  rude  and  heterogeneous  Mass. 

If  then,  in  the  organization  of  the  first  As- 
sociations, people  of  Taste  and  Refinement 
have  nothing  to  fear  from  the  contact  of,  and 
intercourse  Avith,  Ignorance  and  Vulgarity, 
they  need  have  nothing  to  fear  for  the  future. 

No  one  will  be  fool-hardy  enough  to  deny 
that  the  thorough  education,  the  enjoyment  of 
worldly  comforts,  the  freedom  from  care,  de- 
pendence and  harassing  toil,  and  the  other 
advantages  which  Association  will  secure  to 
all,  will  soon  change  the  Character  of  th« 
rising  generations,  and  make  them  fit  asso- 
ciates for  the  most  timid  of  our  exclusives, 
who  are  now  afraid  of  contaminating  inter- 
course. The  least  reflection  must  satisfy  us 
that  independjence,  education,  intellectual  de- 
velopment, moral  training,  enjoyment  of  th« 
arts  and  sciences,  and  extended  social  inter- 
course, are  only  necessary  to  elevate  the  whole 
Human  Race  to  that  noble  standard  which 
find  intended  thev  should  attain. 


30 


SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


As  a  proof  that  the  Mass  can  be  elevated  to 
a  high  standard  of  refinement  and  intelligence, 
we  have  but  to  remember  that  the  polished 
and  aristocratic  Classes  of  Europe  are  de- 
scendants of  the  rudest  and  most  barbarous 
Ancestors.  How  many  of  the  Generals  and 
Marshals  made  by  Napoleon  rose  from  the 
peasantry,  who,  without  the  opening  offered 
them  by  the  French  Revolution,  would  have 
remained  rude  and  uncultivated  boors  ?  As- 
sociation will  be  a  new  and  grand  opening  for 
all  Mankind ! 

But  without  going  so  far  for  our  proofs,  let 
us  look  around  in  our  own  Coimtry.  We  find 
that  many  of  the  first  families  are  descendants 
of  the  dregs  of  European  populations,  a  por- 
tion of  whom  were  transported  to  settle  the 
early  Colonies.  Look  at  our  first  Men, — look 
at  the  Leaders  of  the  fashionable  circles  in 
our  cities;  many  of  them,  who  make  the 
greatest  pretensions  to,  and  who  really  pos- 
sess refinement  and  inteUigence,  are  removed 
but  one  generation  from  persons  who  filled 
the  humblest  walks  of  life — tailors,  shoe- 
makers, hostlers,  hucksters,  etc. ;  and  if  so 
much  has  been  done  to  elevate  and  refine 
people  in  so  short  a  time,  under  circumstances 
which  were  not  the  most  favorable,  what 
may  not  be  expected  from  Association  in  ils 
effect  upon  the  rising  generation,  when  with- 
out exception  every  Child  will  receive  a  supe- 
rior practical  and  scientific  Education — will 
be  blessed  with  Plenty  to  supply  its  physical 
nature,  with  Attractive  Industry  to  strengthen 
and  invigorate  its  frame,  and  with  all  the  in- 
fluences of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  of  pleasing  and 
extended  social  Relations,  to  refine  and  elevate 
its  mind  ? 

When  the  Mass  are  thus  elevated  to  the 
noble  standard  of  true  Humanity,  when  a  high 
tone  is  given  to  the  feelings — and  moral  and 
intellectual  elevation  is  secured  to  all,  who 
then  can  fear  that  their  "  respectability"  will 
suffer  from  a  contact  Avith  them  ? 

And  after  all,  what  is  the  Elevation, — the 
Respectability  of  our  false  Societies  ?  It  is  a 
tame  and  enervating  refinement,  which  rises 
scarcely  above  a  little  delicate  nervousness  of 
body — soft  and  effeminate  manners — aflfected 
politeness  and  sickly  sentiment;  it  is  the  ex- 
clusiveness  of  pride  without  merit ;  the  low 
ambition  and  anti-social  spirit  of  caste  without 
real  dignity.  All  this  is  destined  to  sink  into 
utter  insignificance  before  the  elevated  senti- 
ments and  manners  to  which  Association  will 
give  rise — before  the  noble  pride,  the  true  and 
frank  sociability  of  persons  fully  educated  and 
developed,  and  exalted  by  the  feeling  of  being 
members  of  a  noble  Race — of  a  great  Brother- 
hood, who  have  in  their  collective  capacity 
a  high  Destiny  to  fulfil  upon  the  earth  and 
elsewhere. 

Look  at  Humanity! — examine  the  condi- 
tion of  nineteen-twentieths  of  the  members 
of  the  great  family  of  Man  upon  the  Globe 
— destitute,  half-famished,  ignorant  and  de- 
graded, and  say  whether  the  idea — the  timid 
fear  that  a  Social  Reform  is  fraught  with 
danger  to  the  interests  of  the  world,  is  not  a 


mockery  upon  common  sense— upon  sound 
judgment,  and  whether  the  spirit  of  social 
Conservatism,  which  exists  so  generally  at 
present,  is  not  utterly  incompatible  with  broad 
and  comprehensive  views  upon  political  and 
social  questions,  and  with  true  and  generous 
sympathies  for  Mankind  ?  Look,  and  answer. 


SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


Fourier  teaches  us  the  secret  of  "  Attractive  In- 
dustry ;"  in  which  the  riches  of  activity,  and 
health  of  mind  and  body,  are  superior  to  those 
of  wealth  alone,  and  he  demonstrates  that  the 
richest  individuals,  in  a  true  state  of  social 
Unity,  are  the  most  valuable  and  devoted  ser- 
vants of  Humanity,  l)ecause  they  cannot  spend 
their  wealth  upon  themselves  alone,  aad  can 
enjoy  the  luxury  of  riches  only  in  so  much  as 
they  improve  the  pleasures  and  refinements  of 
the  mass :  and  that  the  more  a  rich  man  has  to 
spend,  m  such  a  state  of  things,  the  more  he  it 
constrained  to  study  the  improvement  of  so- 
ciety, and  labor  for  its  welfaie  in  his  combina- 
tions of  expense  and  personal  enjoyment. 

DOHKRTY. 


With  regard  to  the  system  of  property  of 
Association,  we  shall  have  numerous  preju- 
dices to  combat  and  errors  to  rectify.  The 
false  principles  of  a  community  of  property 
which  have  been  promulgated,  and  connected 
unfortunately,  to  some  extent,  with  the  noble 
doctrine  of  Association,  lead  people  to  suppose 
that  every  system  of  Association  must  be  based 
upon  similar  principles.  We  must  correct  this 
false  view,  and  show  that  in  the  Combined 
Order  all  individual  Rights — the  fundamental 
one  of  which  is  the  Right  of  Property — will 
be  sacredly  respected  and  strictly  preserved. 

The  system  of  joint-stock  or  sharehold  Pro- 
perty of  Association  is  one  of  its  most  beautiful 
practical  features,  and  will,  when  the  highly 
important  results  to  which  it  leads  are  under- 
stood, excite  admiration.  We  will  point  out 
a  few  of  those  results,  which  will  be  partially 
elucidated  as  we  progress  in  our  explanatiou. 

1st.  Effect  a  Unity  of  the  individual  with  the 
collective  interest,  so  as  to  render  the  interest 
of  the  Individual  the  interest  of  the  Mass, 
and  the  interest  of  the  Mass  the  interest  of 
the  Individual.  This  Unity  must  be  esta- 
blished before  we  can  conciliate  private  wel- 
fare with  public  good,  and  produce  concert  of 
action,  and  general  good-will  and  union  among 
men. 

2d.  Render  real  Estate  moveable  property, 
saleable  and  convertible  at  will  and  without 
loss  into  a  cash  capital. 

3d.  Prevent  the  numerous  and  ruinous  liti- 
gations and  law-suits,  which  now  grow  out 
of  bad  titles,  foreclosures,  boundary  lines, 
trespasses,  etc. 

4th.  Unite  the  interests  of  Labor  and  Capi- 
tal, which  are  now  divorced  and  in  conflict, 
and  prevent  the  unjust  and  tyrannical  control 
which  the  Few,  who  own  the  land,  workshops 
and  other  means  of  production,  now  exercise 
over  the  destitute  Multitude,  who  must  beg 
the  privilege  of  working  on  and  in  them. 

5th.  Secure  an  eflicient,  uniform  and  scien- 


SYSTEM   OF   PROPERTY. 


31 


tific  system  of  Cultivation,  and  its  continuance 
from  generation  to  generation,  and  guaranty 
the  prosecution  of  works  and  improvements 
commenced. 

6th.  Enable  Mankind  to  put  in  practice 
those  cardinal  precepts  of  Truth  and  Justice 
laid  down  by  Christ, — such  as :  "  Love  thy 
neighbor  as  thyself;"  "  Do  ye  unto  others  as 
ye  would  wish  that  others  should  do  unto 
you," — precepts  which,  in  the  universal  Con- 
flict of  the  individual  with  the  collective  inte- 
rest that  now  exists,  and  in  the  envious  strife 
and  opposition  which  reign  throughout  all  the 
ramifications  of  business  and  industry,  can  be 
acted  upon  to  but  an  extremely  limited  ex- 
tent. Ihe  interests  of  men  must  be  asso- 
ciated, blended  and  harmonized,  before  the 
social  Sympathies  can  be  developed,  and  the 
commandments  of  Love  and  Brotherhood 
can  be  carried  out  in  practice. 

Let  us  now  enter  upon  our  subject. 

The  lands,  edifices,  flocks,  implements,  ma- 
chinery and  other  property  of  an  Association, 
— that  is,  its  personal  and  real  Estate — will  be 
represented  by  stock,  divided  into  shares,  like 
the  capital  of  a  bank  or  railroad. 

There  is  no  reason  why  this  description  of 
properly  should  not  form  the  capital  of  a  stock- 
company  or  an  association,  and  be  represented 
by  vouchers  or  shares,  as  mines,  manufac- 
tories, railroads,  canals  and  all  varieties  of 
joint-stock  property,  or  as  moneyed  capital  in- 
vested in  banks  and  insurance  companies,  now 
are,  and  every  owner  of  stock  be  paid  interest 
upon  his  shares.  By  this  means  a  reorgan- 
ization or  remodelling  of  the  present  system 
of  property  could  be  effected  without  disturb- 
ing a  single  vested  right.  Vested  rights  in 
property  cannot  be  touched  Avithout  under- 
mining the  fabric  of  society,  and  producing 
injustice,  confusion,  and,  perhaps,  bloodshed; 
they  are  sacred  and  must  remain  inviolate. 

People  in  Association  will  not  own  little 
farms  or  separate  workshops  and  manufac- 
tories as  at  present ;  they  will  own  stock  in 
an  Association,  and  will  be  joint  proprietors 
of  the  entire  domain  and  of  all  the  workshops 
and  manufactures.  By  this  means  the  land 
cannot  be  cut  up  and  sold,  and  the  system  of 
cultivation  and  general  management  changed 
with  every  change  of  owner ;  the  stock,  how- 
ever, which  represents  it,  can  be  sold,  which 
is  the  same  thing  for  the  holder. 

If  a  member  wishes  at  any  time  to  leave 
the  Association,  he  can  do  so ;  he  can  retain 
his  stock  and  receive  interest  upon  it,  or  sell 
it  and  obtain  in  cash  its  current  value.  If  no 
other  member  can  purchase  it  of  him  at  the 
time,  the  Association,  which  will  keep  a  re- 
served fund  on  hand  for  the  purpose,  would 
do  so,  and  pay  him  interest  for  the  part  of  the 
year  which  had  expired. 

By  rendering  real  estate  Skarehold  Pro- 
perty, we  make  it  saleable  at  willy  and  convert- 
ible into  a  cash  capital  without  loss  or  delay. 
This  is  an  immense  advantage,  and  one  which 
is  not  possessed  at  all  at  present.  If  a  person 
now  owns  lands,  which  he  wishes  to  dispose 


of,  he  must  wait  for  months,  often  years,  be* 
fore  he  can  find  a  purchaser,  or  sell  at  a 
ruinous  sacrifice.  In  Association,  on  the  con- 
trary, he  could  dispose  of  his  stock  at  a  day's 
notice  and  for  its  full  value. 

How  will  the  interest  be  paid  upon  the 
shares  ? — it  will  be  asked.  We  will  explain 
the  manner. 

One  quarter  of  the  total  Product  or  Profits 
of  the  Association,  after  taxes,  repairs  and 
some  other  expenses  are  deducted — that  is, 
one  quarter  of  the  amount  realized  by  the 
sales  of  its  products  during  the  year — will  be 
reserved  for  this  purpose,  and  paid  as  a  divi- 
dend to  the  stockholders.  The  other  three 
quarters  will  be  paid  to  those  who  perform 
the  labor.  We  will  illustrate  this  division  by 
an  example. 

Suppose  an  Association — the  lands,  edifices, 
flocks,  etc.,  of  which  are  valued  at  $500,000 — 
grows  grain,  fruit  and  vegetables,  raises  ani- 
mals and  manufactures  a  variety  of  objects  in 
the  course  of  the  year,  which,  when  sold, 
amount  to  $200,000.  Of  this  sum  $50,000, 
or  one  quarter,  would  be  appropriated  to  the 
payment  of  interest  upon  the  Stock,  which  in 
this  case  would  be  ten  per  cent.  The  re- 
maining $150,000  would  be  paid  to  those  who 
performed  the  Labor. 

The  $150,000,  or  the  share  paid  to  Labor, 
would  not  be  put  into  a  common  fund,  out 
of  which  all  the  members — the  skilful  as 
well  as  the  unskilful,  the  active  as  well  as 
inactive — will  receive  an  equal  share :  on  the 
contrary,  every  one  will  be  remunerated  ac 
cording  to  the  time  he  has  devoted  to  work- 
and  the  skill  with  which  he  has  worked.  We 
will  explain  fully  hereafter  this  system  for  the 
division  of  profits. 

In  awarding  to  Capital  one  quarter  of  the 
profits,  we  do  not  give  it,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  twenty-five  per  cent,  interest ;  we  give  it 
twenty-Jive  per  cent,  of  the  product,  whatever 
it  may  be.  This  proportion  can  be  varied 
somewhat,  if  experience  proves  it  to  be  wrong. 
A  person  on  entering  an  Association  finds 
everything  prepared  for  him;  the  fields  and 
gardens  are  laid  out  and  under  a  fine  state  of 
cultivation,  the  workshops  and  manufactories 
are  handsomely  fitted  up,  and  teams  and  im- 
plements in  abundance  are  provided:  for  the 
privilege  of  working  under  such  advantageous 
circumstances,  he  gives  to  those  who,  by  their 
Capital  or  Labor,  have  organized  the  Asso- 
ciation, one  quarter  of  the  product  of  his  skill 
and  activity.  This  proportion  will,  we  think, 
be  found  just,  and  satisfy  the  Laborer. 

Capital  in  Association  will  be  safely  and 
profitably  invested — which,  on  the  other  hand, 
will  satisfy  the  Capitalist :  it  will  be  safe,  be- 
cause it  will  be  invested  in  productive  real 
estate,  which  cannot  be  stolen,  wasted  or 
squandered ;  and  it  will  be  profitable,  because 
it  will  receive  one  quarter  of  the  product  of 
the  labor  of  a  large  body  of  men,  who  being 
supplied  with  every  means  of  production,  and 
whose  efforts  being  skilfully  and  judiciously 
directed,  must  necessarily  produce  a  vast  deal. 


32 


MODE    OF   INVESTING    CAPITAL   IN   ASSOCIATION. 


MODE  OF  INVESTING  CAPITAL  IN 
ASSOCIATION. 

FaoM  Fourier. 


All  lands,  machinery,  implements,  furni- 
ture, or  other  objects  brought  by  members 
into  the  Association,  are  appraised  at  their 
cash  value,  and  represented,  as  well  as  the  mo- 
neyed capital  paid  in,  by  transferable  shares, 
which  are  secured  upon  the  personal  and  real 
Estate  of  the  Association — that  is,  upon  its 
domain,  edifices,  flocks,  manufactories,  etc. 
The  Council  transfers  to  each  person  the  va- 
lue in  shares  of  the  objects  which  he  has 
furnished.  A  person  may  be  a  member  with- 
out being  a  stockholder,  or  a  stockholder 
without  being  a  member. 

The  annual  profits  of  the  Association  are, 
after  the  inventory  is  taken,  divided  into  three 
unequal  portions,  and  paid  as  follows: 

Seven-twelfths  to  Labor. 
Three-twelfths  to  Capital. 
Two-twelfths  to  practical  and  theoretical 
Knowledge — or  to  Skill. 

The  Council,  which  has  charge  of  the  finan- 
cial department,  advances  to  those  members 
who  do  not  possess  any  capital  or  fixed  pro- 
perty, food,  clothing  and  lodging  for  a  year. 
No  risk  is  run  in  making  this  advance,  Jbr  it 
is  known  that  the  product  of  the  labor,  which 
aach  individual  will  perform  by  attraction 
i)r  PLEASURE,  will  exceed  in  amount  the  ad- 
vances made  to  him ;  and  that  the  Associa- 
tion, on  balancing  its  accounts  at  the  yearly 
settlement,  will  be  debtor  to  the  members  to 
whom  it  made  the  advance  of  a  minimuim. 

This  Minimum,  or  sufficiency  of  worldly 
goods,  will  comprise : 

Meals  at  the  tables  of  the  first  price. 

A  decent  dress,  and  working  costumes ;  be- 
sides all  implements  necessary  to  their  indus- 
trial occupations. 

A  room  and  bed-room  for  each  individual, 
and  admission  to  the  public  halls  and  saloons, 
and  to  all  places  of  amusement. 

Men  most  opposed  to  Association,  will  be 
Capitalists  and  Landholders.  We  will  enter 
consequently  into  a  short  examination  of  the 
mode  of  employing  and  investing  capital  in 
Association,  and  of  the  value  of  real  estate  in 
this  new  order.  The  advantages  which  As- 
sociation offers  in  these  respects,  merit  the 
attention  of  those  two  classes,  whose  interests 
suffer  so  much  from  the  frauds,  revulsions  and 
revolutions  of  civilized  Society. 

After  a  life  spent  in  making  a  fortune,  new 
difficulties  and  anxieties  arise  in  preserving 
and  guarantying  it  to  children,  who,  after  the 
death  of  the  father,  are  so  often  the  victims 
of  frauds  and  bankruptcies,  or  of  faithless  or 
careless  guardians.  These  dangers  will  cease 
the  moment  Association  is  organized,  and  this 
advantage,  it  strikes  us,  is  among  the  first  to 
be  pointed  out. 

Land,  in  the  Combiaed  Order,  will  not  be 


owned  without  a  guarantee  of  product,  as  is  so 
often  the  case  at  present.  An  Association, 
cultivating  a  domain,  becomes  security  to  the 
capitalist  who  owns  stock,  (which  is  the  same 
as  owning  the  land  and  edifices,  as  they  are 
mortgaged  to  secure  it,)  and  in  case  of  da- 
mage by  the  elements  or  other  accidents,  the 
stockholder  is  sure  to  receive  a  minimum  rate 
of  interest,  which  is  guarantied  to  him  by  the 
entire  Association  and  by  those  of  the  district 
around.  In  Combined  Order,  the  Associations 
will  insure  each  other  against  such  losses. 

To  hear  people  talk,  it  would  be  supposed 
that  they  possess  fine  domains,  superb  landed 
estates.  But  what  interest  do  those  estates 
yield  ?  Hardly  three  per  cent.,  after  deducting 
taxes,  delays,  thefts,  accidental  damages  and 
law-suits,  which  at  present  cannot  be  avoided, 
for,  according  to  the  adage,  "  who  has  soil  has 
turmoil."  There  are,  besides,  years  when 
there  is  a  complete  failure  of  crops,  and  the 
landholder  receives  nothing,  which  must  be 
taken  into  account. 

If  Capitalists  understood  the  system  of  As- 
sociation, they  would  feel  no  repugnance  in 
investing  their  property  in  the  partnership  of 
an  Association.  Are  they  not  at  present  in 
copartnership  with  each  of  their  tenants  ?  In 
the  Combined  Order  the  entire  Association  is 
in  copartnership  with  them  and  becomes  their 
tenant.  All  its  lands,  edifices,  flocks  and  ma- 
nufactories are  mortgaged  to  secure  their 
stock.  Will  they  obtain  any  such  security  in 
the  present  system  ?  Will  they  see  a  hun- 
dred families  pledge  themselves  collectively 
to  guaranty  them  an  income  from  their  lands'? 

To  this  security  is  to  be  added  another  ad- 
vantage, which  is  unknown  at  present,  and 
which  our  financiers  would  never  have  suc- 
ceeded in  realizing;  it  is  the  power  of  render 
ing  real  estate  transferable  property,  which 
can  be  converted  at  will  and  without  loss  into 
a  cash  capital. 

Every  Association  will,  when  called  upoiu 
buy  its  shares  at  the  valuation  of  the  last  in- 
ventory, with  interest  for  the  part  of  the  year 
which  has  expired.  Thus,  did  a  capitalist 
possess  hundreds  of  thousands,  he  could  reali2se 
his  fortune  at  a  moment's  notice,  and  without 
loss  or  expense. 

If  an  Association  had  not  funds  on  hand  to 
purchase  the  shares  of  a  large  stockholder, 
the  Council  of  the  district  or  province  in 
which  it  was  situated,  would  advance  the 
money  and  take  the  stock,  which  in  Associa- 
tion is  considered  as  the  best  of  investments. 

An  Association  can  in  no  case  become  bank- 
rupt, or  carry  off  its  lands,  edifices,  manufac- 
tories and  flocks,  as  could  be  done  with  the 
capital  of  a  bank.  As  regards  damage  by  the 
elements,  collective  and  reciprocal  insurances 
will  exist.  Conflagrations  will  be  reduced  to 
almost  nothing,  owing  to  the  precautions 
which  can  be  taken  in  the  construction  of  the 
edifices  of  Association,  and  in  their  supervision. 

A  minor  will  run  no  risk  of  losing  his  pro- 
perty, or  of  being  wronged  in  the  management 
of  the  principal  or  income :  the  administration 
of  it  is  the  same  for  him  as  for  the  other  stock- 


UNITY   OF   INTERESTS,   ETC. 


holders;  if  he  inherits  stock  in  divers  Associa- 
tions, the  stock  is  registered  on  their  books ;  it 
bears  the  same  interest  for  him  as  for  others, 
and  can  under  no  pretext  be  transferred  for 
him  until  he  is  of  age,  when  he  can  dispose 
of  it  as  he  chooses. 

An  Association  in  a  body,  directed  by  its 
Council  of  experienced  and  practical  men  and 
by  the  advice  of  neighboring  Associations,  will 
not,  like  an  individual,  be  exposed  to  impru- 
dent speculations;  and  if  any  industrial  opera- 
tion, like  the  establishment  of  a  new  branch 
of  manufactures,  the  working  of  a  mine  or  any 
other  experiment,  be  Jiazardous,  care  will  be 
taken  to  divide  the  risk  among  a  number  of 
Associations,  consult  well  beforehand,  and 
cover  the  risk  by  insurance.  As  to  frauds, 
none  can  exist. 


UNITY  OF  INTERESTS, 

RESULTING    FROM  THE   SYSTEM   OF  JOINT-STOCK 
PROPERTY    OF   ASSOCIATION. 

The  present  Social  Order  is  a  ridiculous  mecha- 
nism, in  which  portions  of  the  whole  are  in 
conflict  with,  and  acting  ag^ainst  the  whole. 
We  see  each  Class  in  Society  desire,  from  in- 
terest, the  misfortune  of  other  classes,  and 
place  in  every  way  individual  interest  in  op- 
position to  public  good.  The  Lawyer  wishes 
litigations  and  suits,  particularly  amon§;  the 
rich  ;  the  Ph5'sician  desires  sickness  ;  (the  lat- 
ter would  be  ruined  if  everj'body  died  without 
disease,  as  would  the  former,  if  all  quarrels 
were  settled  by  arbitration  ;)  the  Soldier  wants 
a  war,  which  will  carry  off  half  his  comrades, 
to  secure  him  promotion  ;  the  Undertaker  wants 
burials  ;  Monopolists  and  Forestallers  want  fa- 
mines, to  double  or  treble  the  price  of  grain  ; 
the  Architect,  the  Carpenter,  the  Mason,  want 
conflagrations,  that  will  bum  down  a  hundred 
houses,  to  give  activity  to  their  branches  of 
business.  Foubikr. 

dfiTY  OF  Interest  is  the  comer-stone  of  all 
the  Unities— social,  political  and  religious.  It 
will  unite  the  hearts  of  men  in  feelings  of  af- 
fection and  brotherhood,  and  in  love  to  God  and 
to  Humanity. 

We  -vill  briefly  explain  the  means  by  which 
Association  will  effect  a  perfect  Unity  or  Iden- 
tity of  the  individual  with  the  collective  Inte- 
rest. Unless  we  can  render  the  interest  of  the 
Individual  that  of  the  Whole,  and  the  interest 
of  the  Whole  that  of  the  Individual — or,  in 
other  words,  unless  we  can  establish  Unity  in 
the  sphere  of  worldly  interests,  we  can  never 
introduce  practical  Truth  and  Justice  into  the 
relations  of  men,  nor  attain  those  higher  Uni- 
ties in  Church  and  State,  after  which  more 
advanced  minds — sick  of  strife,  dissension  and 
controversy — are  beginning  to  aspire.  Let  us 
explain  how  this  primary  Unity  will  be  at- 
tained. 

The  interest  upon  the  stock  of  the  members 
of  an  Ai^sociation,  will  not  be  paid  out  of  the 
product  of  this  or  that  part  of  the  domain,  or 
out  of  this  or  that  branch  of  manufactures, 
but  out  of  the  total  product  of  the  entire  do- 
main and  all  branches  of  manufactures.  As 
a  consequence,  every  individual  owning  stock, 
if  it  be  but  a  single  share,  will  wish  that  every 
portion  of  the  soil  should  be  cultivated  in  the 


best  manner,  and  every  branch  of  manufac- 
tures prosecuted  with  the  greatest  skill  and 
judiciousness;  the  better  all  this  is  done,  the 
larger  will  be  the  interest  which  each  indivi- 
dual will  receive ;  and  as  the  desire  of  large 
dividends  will  exist  in  Association  as  at  pre- 
sent, there  will  be,  as  a  consequence,  a  general 
desire  on  the  part  of  all  the  members  to  rea- 
der the  Association  in  the  highest  degree  pro- 
ductive and  prosperous. 

Not  only  will  every  individual  wish  that  all 
branches  of  Industry  should  be  prosecuted  ia 
the  best  possible  manner,  but  he  will  wish 
that  the  edifices,  tools,  implements,  flocks^ 
fences,  etc.  should  be  carefully  taken  care  of 
and  preserved  from  injury  or  damage,  for  if 
any  damage  were  done  to  them,  the  expense 
of  repairs  would  have  to  be  deducted  from 
the  general  product,  which  would  lessen  the 
interest  which  he,  in  common  with  the  other 
stockholders,  would  receive. 

What  each  individual  Member  will  wish, 
the  entire  Association  will  wish,  and  from 
this  Unity  of  Interests  will  result  a  concert  of 
action  in  prosecuting  all  branches  of  Industry, 
and  a  perfect  unanimity  of  feeling  in  all  tem- 
poral affairs  and  interests. 

No  one  can  promote  his  own  prosperity 
without  promoting  at  the  same  time  the  pros- 
perity of  all  those  around  him,  and  no  one  caa 
injure  his  neighbor  without  injuring  himself.  ,- 

It  is  only  in  joint-stock  Associations,  wher* 
each  individual  is  interested  in  the  entire  ca-- 
pital  invested,  that  a  perfect  Union  of  interests 
can  be  established,  and  Man  can  be  made  to 
desire  truly  and  ardently  the  welfare  and  pros- 
perity of  his  fellow-man.  From  this  solidarity 
— this  reciprocal  and  mutual  dependence,  will 
result  a  unity  of  feeling,  which  will  soon  ex- 
tend from  pecuniary  affairs  to  political,  reli- 
gious, and  other  spheres  of  society.  In  such 
an  order  of  things  how  easy  will  it  be  to  real- 
ize practically  the  precept — "  Do  unto  others 
as  you  would  that  others  should  do  unto 
you !"  In  fact,  the  practical  operation  of  As- 
sociation Avill  lead  to  it,  as  the  present  system 
of  Society  leads  to  a  conflict  of  all  interests 
and  to  universal  antagonism  and  enmity. 

And  when  a  body  of  persons,  perfectly 
united,  are  working  for  each  other's  welfare, 
how  easy  will  it  be  also  to  put  in  operation 
that  other  precept — "Love  thy  neighbor  a« 
thyself!'; 

Man  is  not  naturally  selfish — far  from  it: 
to  love — taken  in  its  widest  sense — is  the 
first  want  of  his  nature.  To  bestow  the  Sen- 
timents of  friendship,  paternity,  love  and  othe^ 
social  affections  causes  a  Happiness  as  gre(j; 
to  him  who  gives,  as  to  him  who  receives. 
If  men  are  now  selfish,  if  they  sacrifice  tpe 
love  of  God  and  the  neighbor  to  worMly 
ends  and  material  wants,  it  is  because  tiiey 
are  poor — harassed  by  cares  and  anxiepes, 
and  because  a  thousand  conflicts  and  disajrds 
divide  them,  fill  their  souls  with  bitteriess^ 
and  smother  the  higher  feelings  of  theif  na- 
ture. But  men  are  miserable  when  the  htgher 
and  nobler  Sentiments  and  the  social  Symp^ 
thies  are  not  satisfied,  and  instead  of  findiiwf, 


34 


IMPOSSIBILITY    OF    ANY    TYRANNY   OF    CAPITAL    IN   ASSOCIATION. 


as  the  majority  now  hope,  happiness  and  a 
Paradise  ia  their  ea^^er  and  exclusive  strife 
after  worldly  goods,  and  in  their  worship  of 
selfish  materialism,  they  sink  for  the  most 
part  into  a  social  Hell. 

What  a  contrast  between  the  system  of 
Industry,  and  particularly  of  Ascricullure,  of 
Association  and  that  of  trie  present  Social 
Order !  Suppose  the  lands  of  an  Association 
were  cut  up  into  little  farms,  each  cultiv-^ated 
and  managed  separately  by  a  different  owner 
or  family,  instead  of  being  represented  by 
stock,  preserved  in  a  body  and  subjected  to  a 
unitary  system  of  cultivation:  what  would 
be  the  consequence?  The  different  families 
would,  in  the  Ilrst  place,  be  perfectly  indiiferent 
as  to  the  manner  in  which  all  the  other  farms 
around  them  wore  cultivated,  because  they 
would  receive  no  part  of  the  product;  their 
interests  would  be  restricted  to  their  own  little 
plots  of  land.  In  the  second  place,  the  con- 
tiguity of  numerous  separate  farms  would 
lead,  as  we  see  by  experience,  to  misunder- 
standings, quarrels  and  law-suits — growing 
out  of  trespasses,  petty  thefts,  breaking  down 
of  fences,  boundary  lines,  bad  titles,  competi- 
tion in  the  sale  of  products,  and  other  causes, 
so  that  in  time  many  of  them  would  become 
inimical  and  eneinies  to  each  other,  and 
be  glad  to  see  their  crops  fail,  or  other  mis- 
fortunes befall  them.  It  is  still  wprse  with 
those  engaged  in  manufactures ;  they  are  mu- 
tual enemies,  opposed  in  interest  and  striving 
to  break  each  other  down.  Such  are  the  re- 
sults of  the  present  system  o^  isolated  and  dis- 
associated Property :  it  is  the  source  of  endless 
conflicts  of  interest,  and  of  universal  distrust 
and  selfishness.  How  beautiful  in  comparison 
is  the  system  of  associated  or  sharehold  Pro- 
perty of  Association,  which,  while  it  main- 
tains individual  rights  in  property,  produces 
Unity  of  interests  and  action,  good  will  among 
men,  and  concord  and  harmony  in  Society  ! 

How  repulsive  is  the  spectacle  which  So- 
ciety now  ofiers  to  the  man  who  loves  justice — 
who  loves  generous  dealing  between  man  and 
his  fellow-man !  Discord,  conflict  and  envious 
strife  are  rife  among  all  classes  and  indivi- 
duals— private  interest  is  arrayed  in  opposition 
to  public  good — every  man's  hand  is  raised 
against  his  neighbor — distrust  and  hatred  fill 
the  v/orld — and  duplicity,  over-reaching,  ex- 
tortion and  fraud  contaminate  and  degrade 
the  daily  relations  and  transactions  of  the  vast 
'jmajority.  In  Commerce  and  Industry,  oppo 
s^ition  and  warfare  are  universal,  and  their 
revulsions,  ruin  and  anxiety  kill  more — and  in 
a  more  lingering  manner — than  the  cannon  or 
thfe  bayonet  in  the  warfare  of  bloodshed.  But 
men  are  so  accustomed  to  the  moral  atmo- 
sphere of  discord,  strife  and  selfishness  in 
whiv'h  they  noAV  live,  that  this  state  of  things 
appears  natural,  and  blinds  them  to  the  ne- 
cessity of  a  Social  Reform.  If  they  could, 
however,  be  made  to  see  Society  as  it  is — see 
its  dex)rraity  and  falseness,  they  would  recoil 
with  lisgust  from  it,  and  exert  every  nerve  to 
establish  a  true  and  just  Social  Order  in  its 
place. 


IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  ANY  TYRANNY 
OF  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


God  has  given  the  earth  to  the  Ilumsin  Race  and 
to  all  (generations  of  the  Raoe,  ami  no  indivj- 
dual  should  l)e  ex(-lud(;d  from  the  Usufruct  of, 
or  the  rislit  of  cultivatinsj  the  Soil  for  the 
purpi-se  of  producin;,'^  the  meinis  of  existence 
and  devel«pinciit,  any  more  than  }ie  shoulo  be 
excluded  from  tlie  light  of  the  sun  or  from  the 
atmosphere. 


It  is  often  asked,  whether  one  or  more  ca- 
pitalists will  not  become  owners  of  the  stock 
of  an  Association,  and  exercise  a  tyrannical 
control  and  dictation  over  its  members  and  its 
afiairs.  Nothing  of  the  kind  can  take  place ; 
to  explain  this,  we  will  suppose  an  extreme 
case — we  will  suppose  that  one  individual  has 
become  the  proprietor  of  all  the  stock  of  an 
Association.  This  monopoly  will  give  him, 
as  we  shall  see,  no  arbitrary  control  over  the 
Association  and  its  affairs. 

The  Council  of  Industry — the  members  of 
which  will  be  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Association — will  have  a  general  super- 
vision of  the  domain,  workshops  and  ma- 
nufactories, and  the  regulation  of  its  industrial 
affairs  and  interests.  The  person  who  owns 
the  stock  may  be  elected  a  member  of  this 
Council,  and,  as  such,  will  have  a  voice  ra 
the  management  of  its  affairs,  but  out  of  the 
Council  and  as  a  private  individual,  he  can 
exercise  no  control ;  he  cannot  dictate,  for 
example,  the  system  of  cultivation  which 
shall  be  pursued,  the  crops  which  shall  be 
grown,  the  branches  of  manufactures  which 
shall  be  prosecuted,  where  the  fences  or  hedges 
shall  be  located,  how  the  fields  and  gardens 
shall  be  laid  out  and  cultivated,  or  direct  any 
similar  operations.  All  these  details  must 
come  under  the  direction  of  the  Council,  which, 
composed  of  the  most  talented  and  experienced' 
members  of  the  Association,  will  of  course  be 
able  to  exercise  a  far  more  judicious  control 
than  can  a  single  individual. 

No  individual  in  Association  will  possess 
the  absolute  ownership  of  the  soil,  manufac- 
tories and  other  means  of  production  as  at  pre- 
sent, "  to  use  and  abuse  them  as  he  wishes," 
and  to  prevent  the  rest  of  the  members  from 
working  upon  or  in  them,  if  his  caprice  shall 
so  dictate;  he  will  own  the  stock,  which  re- 
presents them — a  much  more  desirable  form 
of  property — but  the  soil  and  manufactories 
will  remain  under  the  control  and  direction  of 
the  Association,  and  the  Right  of  working 
in  or  upon  them  will  be  secured  to  all  its 
members.  AVe  see  this  restriction  upon  capi- 
talists in  operation  at  present  in  stock  com- 
panies :  a  stockholder  in  a  railroad  cannot,  for 
example,  alter  the  direction  or  tear  up  a  part 
of  the  track  equal  in  value  to  his  stock,  or 
prevent  travellers  from  going  over  the  road, 
— and  this  restriction  is  found  advantageous 
to  all. 

Capitalists  will  possess  in  Association  very 
great  advantages:  their  money  will  be  safely 
invested ;  they  will  be  exempt  from  the  frauds, 


IMPOSSIBILITY  OF  ANY  TYRANNY  OF  CAPITAL  IN  ASSOCIATION. 


35 


revulsions  and  the  numerous  accidents  of  bu-  I 
siness,  wliich  ruin  upon  an  average  three  j 
fourths  of  them ;  they  will  be  relieved  from  ;; 
the  anxiety  and  the  trouble  of  constant  super-  ( 
vision,  and  as  the  profits  of  Association  will  be  I 
lai'L^e,  they  will  receive  a  liberal  interest  on  < 
their  money.  j 

But  Capitalists  in  Association  will  not  wish  to   { 
exercise  any  dictation  or  tyranny;  they  would    \ 
disgust  their  fellow-men  by  such  a  course,    I 
who,  being  secured  the  Risfht  of  Labor  or  of 
cx):istant  employment,  would  be  pecuniarily    | 
independent,  and  would  not  submit  to  any    \ 
imposition:  should  capitalists,  however,  en-   \ 
deavor  to  exercise  any  tyranny,  the  members    \ 
could  move  off  in  a  body  and  leave  their  pro-    j 
perty  unproductive  ;— and,  besides,  any  arbi- 
trary dictation  on  their  part  would  derange   \ 
the  operations  of  Industry,  decrease  produc-   \ 
tion,  and  lessen  as  a  consequence  their  profits. 
The  Tyranny  of  Capital,  one  of  the  last  relics    | 
of  tyranny,  and  the  most  repulsive,  will  be   i 
swept  from  the  face  of  the  earth  by  Associa- 
tion ! 

If  it  be  feared  by  some  persons  that  a  few  \ 
individuals  in  an  Association  will  monopolize  j 
the  stock,  and  exercise  an  absolute  control,  it  1 
is  very  confidently  asserted  by  others  that  the 
selfishness  of  men,  and  their  rapacity  to  ac-  | 
quire  wealth,  will  be  insurmountable  obstacles  s 
to  social  Union  and  Concord.  Let  us  answer  'f 
this  objection.  j 

The  reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  the  inte- 
rest upon  the  capital  or  shares  will  be  paid  out 
of  the  total  product  of  the  Association,  so  that 
no  one  can  desire  large  profits  for  himself 
without  desiring  the  same  for  all  the  other  \ 
members.  i 

Suppose  then  that  there  are  some  extremely   ] 
avaricious  persons  in  an  Association,  who  are   i 
very  desirous  of  accumulating  w^ealth :  what    \ 
means  will  they  have  to  employ  to  attain  their 
end  ?     They  will  have  to  see  that  all  parts  of  { 
the  domain  are  cultivated  in  the  best  manner   \ 
—all  branches  of  manufactures  prosecuted  ju- 
diciously— that  the  edifices,  implements,  ma-    \ 
chiaery,  etc.  are  not  injured,  and  that  no  waste 
takes  place.     This  is  the  policy  which  they 
will  have  to  pursu.".     They  cannot,  as  a  con- 
sequence, promote  llicir  own  prosperity  with- 
out promoting  at  the  same  time  the  prosperity 
of  all  the  other  members ;  their  tliirst  for  gain 
will  not  be  satisfied,  as  at  present,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  their  fellow-men,  but  will,  on  the 
contrary,  conduce  to  their  welfare.     By  this 
means  individual  selfishness  will  be  neutral- 
ized, and  made  to  subserve  the  good  of  the 
whole. 

Under  the  present  condition  of  things,  the 
injurv  done  to  others  by  extortion  or  fraud,  is 
individual  gain ;  but  in  Association,  where  the 
interests  of  the  Individual  and  those  of  the 
Mass  are  identical,  no  one  can  add  to  his  own 
store  without  adding  to  that  of  the  rest  of 
the  community. 

If  there  were  in  an  Association  some  of 
those  very  parsimonious  persons,  who  are  now 
looked  upon  with  dislike,  they  would  be  found 
quite  useful.    They  would  attend  to  all  minor 


details  and  minutiae,  and  see  that  nothing  was 
wasted  or  misapplied.  The  great  majority  of 
persons  would  feel  no  inclination  for  such  a 
careful  supervision,  but  as  they  would  see  the 
importance  of  it,  for  little  wastes  lead  to  large 
losses,  they  would  feel  indebted  to  those  who 
attend  to  such  details  and  relieved  them  of 
the  task.  In  Association  Selfishness  will  be 
rendered  Social,  and  be  made  to  serve  the 
interests  of  the  whole;  at  present,  it  is  ex- 
clusive or  individual y  and  leads  to  the  plun- 
dering of  the  Mass. 

"  The  spirit  of  compound  or  associated  Pro- 
perty," says  Fourier,  "  will  be  one  of  the  most 
powerful  means  of  conciliating  the  interests 
of  the  members,  richer  and  poorer,  of  an  As- 
sociation. If  a  person  possessed  but  a  single 
share  of  stock,  he  becomes  a  joint  owner  of 
the  entire  Association;  he  can  say,  our  lands, 
our  edifices,  our  forests,  our  manufactories, 
our  flocks, — everything  is  his  property;  he  is 
interested  in  the  whole  estate,  real  and  per- 
sonal, of  the  Association." 

"  If  a  forest  at  present  is  cut  up  or  injured 
by  marauders  or  storms,  a  hundred  peasants 
look  on  with  indifference.  The  forest  is  sim- 
fie  property ;  it  belongs  to  the  rich  landholder 
alone ;  they  rejoice  at  what  may  be  of  injury 
to  him,  and  endeavc  t  clandestinely  to  inwrease 
the  damage.  If  the  floods  wash  away  the 
soil  upon  the  banks  of  a  stream,  three  quarters 
of  the  inhabitants  own  no  land  upon  it,  and 
laugh  at  the  damage ;  they  are  glad  often  to 
see  the  patrimony  of  a  rich  neighbor  injured, 
whose  property  is  simple,  deprived  of  ties  with 
the  mass  of  the  inhabitants,  in  whom  it  in- 
spires no  interest." 

"  In  Association,  where  all  interests  will  be 
combined,  and  where  every  person  will  be  a 
co-interested  partner,  be  it  only  for  the  portion 
of  tlie  profits  assigned  to  Labor,  every  one 
will  desire  :he  permanent  prosperity  of  the 
entire  Association.  Thus,  from  personal  inte- 
rest, good-will  will  become  general  among 
tlie  members;  and  for  the  reason  that  they 
do  not  work  for  wages  or  a  salary,  but  are 
co-partners,  knowing  that  any  damage  done, 
were  it  to  the  value  of  but  twelve  cents,  will 
take  one  half  from  those  wSo,  not  being  stock- 
holders, receive  only  the  part  of  the  dividend 
allotted  to  Labor." 

Ix  will,  no  doubt,  be  dreaded  by  many  minds 
that  if  in  an  Association  there  are  persons  who 
possess  much  capital  or  fixed  property,  and 
others  who  possess  little  or  none,  or,  in  other 
AvordS;  if  there  are  richer  and  poorer  indivi- 
duals, differences  of  class  or  caste,  with  their 
odious  distinctions  and  their  repulsions  and 
discords,  will  arise,  which  will  dissolve  the 
social  compact. 

This  dread  is  groundless:  Association,  with 
its  system  of  Attractive  Industry  and  its 
vast  Economies,  will  produce  so  much,  and  so 
fill  the  Avorld  with  wealth,  that  the  question 
will  be  how  to  consume  it  all !  When  abun- 
dance and  refinement  are  secured  to  all,  the 
possession  of  more  or  less  wealth  will  be  a 
very  minor  consideration.  "  All  will  be  happy 
in  proportion  to  their  health  and  spirits  to 


36 


XmiON  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


enjoy  the  pleasures  of  both  temporal  and  spi- 
ritual Excellence,  which  will  be  abundant  and 
to  spare,  in  endless  change  and  diversity;" 
and  all  will  be  honored  and  respected  in  pro- 
jx)rtion  to  talent,  genius,  merit  and  useful 
services  to  Humanity. 

Let  Association  guaranty,  as  it  will,  equal 
chances  of  a  superior  industrial  and  scientiiic 
Education  to  all  children; — and  the  right  of 
Labor.,  or  a  free  and  unrestricted  choice  of 
occupations,  with  the  profits  and  honors  of  the 
same,  to  the  grown  person;  let  a  broad  field 
of  action,  with  proper  social  aid  and  encou- 
ragement, be  thrown  open  to  all,  and  there 
will  ])e  no  longer  those  gross  contrasts  be- 
tween poverty  and  wealth,  between  intelli- 
gence and  ignorance,  which  now  exist, — but 
universal  elevation  and  the  enjoyment  by  all  of 
every  worldly  blessing,  based,  however,  upon 
various  and  graduated  degrees  of  fortune  on 
the  one  hand,  and  infinite  diversity  of  talents, 
capacities  and  shades  of  genius  on  the  other. 

"  The  richer  a  man  is  in  the  Combined  Or- 
der, the  greater  are  the  duties  he  imposes  on 
himself  in  spending  his  own  income,  for  he  is 
neither  able  nor  inclined  to  spend  it  on  him- 
self alone  when  individual  and  collective  inte- 
rests are  identical ;  and  if  he  were  inclined,  to 
spend  his  money  foolishly  instead  of  usefully, 
he  would  be  deemed  a  simpleton  by  all  his 
friends  and  neighbors,  and  discarded  from  the 
pleasures  of  society  and  friendship  as  an  ani- 
mal of  an  inferior  intellect,  whom  nobody 
would  waste  their  time  upon  in  social  inter- 
cxDurse  of  an  inferior  order. 

"In  external  wealth  or  property,  as  it  is 
termed,  it  matters  not  how  rich  or  poor  a 
man  or  woman  be :  the  only  riches  of  import- 
ance to  all  persons  are  the  active  powers  of 
soul  and  body,  health  and  vigor  to  enjoy  the 
infinite  diversity  of  temporal  and  spiritual  hap- 
piness— the  possession  of  external  -.yealth  con- 
ferring liberty  of  action  in  proportion  only  to 
the  duty  and  responsibility  of  direct  manage- 
ment, responsibility  to  social  sanction  only, 
and  good  sense,  but  not  to  arbitrary  laws  and 
institutions." 


UNION  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


What  can  isolated  and  helpless  Labor  do  aijainst 
leagues  of  Capital  and  powerful  Monopoly  ;' 


Capital  and  Labor  are  now  divorced  in 
interest  and  arc  in  opposition,  and  Capital 
controls — often  exercises  an  absolute  tyranny 
over  Labor.  Capital  is  held  by  a  small  mi- 
nority, while  the  laboring  multitude,  deprived 
of  its  possession,  are,  for  the  most  part,  the 
dependent  hirelings,  the  menial  subjects  of 
capitalists.  This 'unnatural  relation  must  be 
remedied,  and  means  found  of  uniting  Capital 
and  Labor  in  the  same  hands — that  is,  of  ren- 
dering Capitalists  Producers,  and  Producers 
Capitalists,  so  that  there  may  no  longer  be 
dictatorial  tyranny  on  the  one  side,  and  slavish 
subjection  on  the  other. 


To  attain  this  important  end,  we  must,  in 
the  first  place,  render  Industry  attractive — 
make  its  pursuits  avenues  to  fortune,  rank 
and  honor  in  society,  as  the  mihtary  life  or 
career,  politics,  banking,  commerce  and  some 
of  the  professions  now  are,  so  that  all  classes 
will  engage  in  them  with  energy,  ardor  and 
pleasure;  and,  in  the  second  place,  we  must 
establish  a  just  and  equitable  division  of  pro- 
fits, so  that  thase  who  have  no  property  may 
acquire  it  easily,  if  they  desire,  and  become 
capitalists  in  various  degrees  of  wealth.  As- 
sociation will  fulfil  these  two  important  con- 
ditions, and  unite  Labor  and  Capital  in  the 
same  hands.  To  show  the  important  results 
which  will  grow  out  of  this  friendly  union  of 
the  two  great  productive  Powers  of  society, 
which  are  now  in  hostile  conflict,  Ave  will 
suppose  that  in  founding  an  Association  those 
who  are  to  live  in  it  furnish  the  capital  for  its 
organization. 

1st.  As  Capitalists  they  will  desire  the  most 
judicious  and  economical  application  of  their 
money  in  the  building  of  the  edifice  of  the 
Association ;  but  as  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion, they  will  also  wish  that  it  should  be  so 
constructed  as  to  be  convenient,  comfortable^ 
healthy  and  even  elegant  in  its  arrangements. 
These  "divers  interests  acting  together  will  pro- 
duce strict  justice,  and  be  attended  with  the 
happiest  results.  There  will  be  no  extravagant 
waste  and  misapplication  of  money  on  the  one 
hand,  and  no  disregard  of  general  comfort  from 
a  narrow  spirit  of  parsimony  on  the  other, 
which  would  consult  pecuniary  interests  alone, 
and  sacrifice  to  them  convenience,  health  and 
elegance. 

What  is  the  effect  of  capital  acting  for  its 
own  exclusive  benefit?  Capitalists  disregard 
entirely  the  comfort  and  health  of  those  who 
are  to  "inhabit  the  buildings  which  they  con- 
struct, and  consult  pecuniary^  interests  alone. 
In  their  own  dwellings  they  may  be  liberal 
in  their  expenditures  and  make  all  beautiful 
around  them,  but  the  buildings  which  they 
erect  to  rent  to  others,  they  crowd  together  in 
the  smallest  space  and  build  of  the  coarsest  and 
cheapest  materials,  without  regard  to  the  con- 
venience and  health  of  the  tenants.  In  our 
cities  we  see  blocks  of  miserable  houses, 
crowded  together  in  narrow  alleys  with  con- 
fined vards  which  scarcely  admit  of  a  circula- 
tion of  light  and  air,  or  serve  for  domestic 
purposes,  with  damp  cellars,  ill-ventilated 
apartments,  unfinished  garrets,  nan-ow,  crook- 
ed and  rickety  stairways,  and  every  defect 
which  avarice 'can  devise  to  save  a  penny,—, 
none  of  which  the  Capitalist  cares  for,  be- 
cause he  is  not  to  reside  in  the  houses,  and 
knows  that  there  are  always  those  Avho,  fron» 
economy  or  necessity,  must  occupy  them  and 
pay  him  his  rent,  with  all  their  Avretched  and 
vexatious  inconveniences. 

Such  is  the  result  of  Capital  separated  from 
Labor  in  regard  to  the  coajtruction  of  the  re- 
sidence of  man ! 

2d.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as  Ca- 
pitalists, will  wish  to  obtain  good  rents  as  an 
interest  upon  their  capital,  but  as  residents 


UNION  OF  CAPITAL  AND  LABOR. 


37 


and  tenants  who  pay  those  rents,  they  will 
desire  to  adjust  them  fairly  and  equitably. 
Here,  again,  there  will  be  an  equilibrium  of 
interests  productive  of  the  best  results. 

At  present,  the  landlord  or  capitalist  is  con- 
stantly striving  to  force  up  rents,  which  in  our 
cities  is  done  most  effectually ;  and  the,  great 
body  of  tenants  seem  to  labor  for  little  else 
than  to  pay  their  rents. 

3d.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as  Ca- 
pitalists, will  build  the  manufactories  and 
workshops,  and  fit  them  up  with  proper  eco- 
nomy ;  but  as  Laborers  or  VYorkmen  who  will 
occupy  and  be  engaged  in  industrial  pursuits 
in  them,  they  will  desire  them  to  be  in  every 
way  adapted  to  health,  comfort  and  conve- 
nience, and  they  will  construct  them  large  and 
airy  and  make  them  complete  and  agreeable 
in  every  respect.  How  will  the  beautiful 
Halls  of  hidustry,  which  they  w^ould  build 
for  themselves  to  work  in,  replete  with  every 
-convenience,  contrast  with  the  gloomy,  dirty 
and  ill-ventilated  workshops  and  manufacto- 
ries which  Capitalists  now  erect — not  to  work 
in  them  themselves,  but  for  the  laboring 
Classes,  who  are  forced  by  their  dependent 
poverty  to  Avork  wherever  they  can  find  la- 
bor, and  submit  to  all  the  inconveniences  and 
repugnant  conditions  connected  with  it. 

Uncontrolled  License  is  now  conceded  to 
those  who  possess  capital,  no  matter  how 
inonstrous  and  infamous  the  abuses  which 
result  from  the  manner  in  which  they  employ 
it, — and  this  license  is  decorated  with  the 
name  of  Liberty,  and  extolled  as  such. 

4th.  The  Founders,  as  Capitalists,  will  wish 
n  liberal  interest  on  their  investment ;  but  as 
Producers  they  will  also  desire  to  have  Labor 
fully  and  justly  rewarded.  This  union  of  in- 
terests will  secure  a  just  division  of  profits,  so 
that  the  Capitalist  will  receive  a  fair  dividend 
upon  his  capital,  and  the  Laborer  a  fair  reward 
for  his  efforts.  At  present  capital  owns  and 
controls  the  products  of  industry,  and  absorbs 
the  profits — leaving  to  the  laboring  mass  a 
pittance  barely  sufficient  to  supply  their  phy- 
sical wants. 

oth.  The  Founders  of  an  Association,  as 
Capitalists,  will  use  the  utmost  care  and  dis- 
crimination in  the  establishment  of  schools, 
libraries,  scientific  collections,  etc.  etc.,  so  that 
the  money  for  these  purposes  shall  not  be 
improperly  expended;  but  as  beneficiaries  of 
their  advantages,  and  participators  in  the  in- 
tellectual pleasures  and  improvements  which 
they  will  afford,  and  as  parents  who  will  de- 
sire to  secure  to  their  children  the  best  and 
most  complete  education,  they  will  not  be 
parsimonious  or  mean,  but  liberal  and  gene- 
rous in  their  appropriations  to  these  objects. 

The  few  examples  which  we  have  pre- 
sented to  the  reader,  are  sufficient  to  show 
the  immensely  important  and  valuable  results, 
and  the  perfect  concord  and  justice,  which  will 
flow  from  the  union  of  Capital  and  Labor  in 
the  same  hands.  How  desirable  is  it  that  this 
union  of  the  two  great  productive  Powers  of 
society  should  be  effected,  and  the  strife  and 


now  entailed  upon  the  great  majority  of  raan- 
kind,  in  consequence  of  the  division  of  Capital 
and  Labor,  should  be  swept  from  the  Eartk ! 

To  the  Producing  classes  we  say:  Unite 
and  associate !  combine  your  means  and  your 
labor,  and  you  will  become  strong !  You  are 
now  poor  and  dependent — often  helpless  and 
miserable,  because  you  are  divided  and  live 
isolatedly  and  separately  ;  your  labor  is  badly 
applied ;  a  large  share  of  the  product  goes  to 
the  capitalist  or  employer,  and  the  part  which 
you  obtain  is  wasted  in  your  separate  house- 
holds ! 

Without  ties  of  close  fellowship  and  union 
among  yourselves,  you  are  divided  in  interest 
and  alienated  in  feeling; — you  war  with  each 
other  by  Free  Competition,  and  strive  selfishly 
to  wrest  from  each  other  the  labor  which  the 
capitalists  or  employers  require;  —  you  are 
mutual  enemies,  and  cut  down  wages  and 
lengthen  the  time  of  toil  until  you  impose 
upon  yourselves  a  bondage  worse  than  that  of 
the  slave.  You  must  unite  and  combine  your 
efforts  and  your  means;  if  you  will  do  so,  you 
can  obtain  the  land  upon  which  to  locate,  and 
by  your  labor,  you  can  build  edifices,  manu- 
factories and  workshops,  and  furnish  them 
with  implements  and  machinery.  You  will 
then  own  the  Soil  which  you  cultivate,  and 
the  Machinery  with  which  you  work — and 
owning  these  and  reaping  the  fruit  of  your 
labor,  you  will  no  longer  have  to  contend  with 
your  two  terrible  and  powerful  enemies: — 

1st.  Reductive  and  ritinous  Competition. 

2d.  Monopolized  Machinery,  or,  machi- 
nery in  the  hands  of  capitalists,  which  works 
AGAINST  instead  of  for  you. 

In  Association,  you  will  be  the  masters  of 
your  time  and  persons — now  at  the  disposal 
of  those  who  can  hire  you ;  you  will  lay  dovni 
just  and  equitable  laws  for  the  regulation  ot 
your  industrial  affairs  and  interests — enjoy  the 
product  of  your  labor — choose  such  occupa- 
tions and  pursuits  as  suit  you — sell  your  pro- 
ducts to  the  greatest  advantage,  not  being 
obliged  to  dispose  of  them  at  a  given  time 
and  at  a  sacrifice — purchase  your  goods  a*: 
wholesale  and  at  first  cost — settle  all  misun- 
derstandings by  arbitrations  of  friends,  instead 
of  resorting  to  the  expensive  trickery  and  in- 
justice of  the  Law — give  to  your  children  a  su- 
perior and  thorough  education — and  achieve, 
finally,  your  independence  and  social  eleva- 
tion. 

"  Ye  toiling  Millions !  oppressed  Victims 
of  honest  and  most  honorable  Industry !  when 
will  you  learn  to  know  that  Labor  is  the  source 
of  Wealth,  and  that  monopoly  alone,  or  leagues 
of  capital  in  different  degrees  of 'legal'  or  'il- 
legal' privilege,  deprive  you  and  your  chil- 
dren of  both  health  and  wealth,  and  knowledge 
and  morality ;  and  that  your  only  remedy  con- 
sists in  moral  courage  to  assert  the  rights  of 
Labor  as  an  element  of  the  social  compact,  and 
entitled  to  a  due  share  of  that  which  it  pro- 
duces for  the  good  of  all,  and  not  alone  the 
vantajre  of  a  few  ?" 


38 


SCIENTIFIC  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  SYSTEM   OF  PROPERTY. 


MUST  BE  YOUR  MOTTO :  let  those  charmed  words   \    this 
be  inscribed  upon  your  banner,  and  they  will    |    doin 
elevate  you  from  poverty,  suflering  and  servi 
tude,  to  wealth,  happiness  and  liberty ! 


probJem  can  be  solved,  but  before  so 
doing,  we  will  make  an  extract  from  the 
Paris  Phalanx— the  Organ  of  the  doctrine  of 
Association  in  France— which  sets  forth  in  a 
very  clear  light  the  Right  of  Man  to  the  Soil : 


SCIENTIFIC  FOUNDATION  OF  THE 
SYSTEM  OF  PROPERTY. 


It  seems  to  me  that  Eternal  Wisdom  could  only 
prescribe  wliat  was  cuuformuble  to  the  Nature 
of  Man,  and  that  she  must  have  adapted  her 
laws  to  the  being-  she  had  created. 

Spuuzheim. 


God  intended  all  the  Creations  in  the  ani- 
mal, vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms,  as  well 
as  the  light  of  the  sun  and  the  vital  atmo- 
sphere, for  universal  use ;  they  are  necessary 
to  the  Existence,  Happiness  and  Development 
of  Man,  and  unless  we  deny  his  right  to  the 
latter,  we  cannot  deny  his  right  to  the  former. 

This  is  the  collective  and  original  Right  of 
the  Human  Race,  and  what  is  the  collective 
right  of  the  Race  is  the  right  of  each  Indivi- 
dual. 

The  question  of  the  Right  of  Property  in- 
volves the  consideration  of  two  rights,  which 
form  the  two  constituent  parts  or  elements  of 
that  great  and  fundamental  Right.  Let  us 
enter  into  a  brief  explanation  of  this  important 
subject,  which  is  now  involved  in  so  much 
obscurity,  and  endeavor  to  offer  a  clear  and 
definite  solution,  which  we  trust  will  satisfy 
both  the  Conservative  and  the  Reformer. 

God  has  given  the  earth  to  the  Human 
Race  and  to  all  successive  generations  of  the 
Race,  and  not  to  some  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
others;  and  the  human  Species,  in  their  col- 
lective and  individual  capacity,  have  a  full  and 
indisputable  right  to  the  Usvfruct  of  the 
earth — or  right  of  using  and  cultivating  its 
surface  for  the  purpose  of  creating  the  means 
of  existence  and  happiness.  (Usufruct  signi- 
fies the  use  of  the  soil  without  the  absolute 
ownership  of  it :  Usufructuary  is  an  individual 
invested  with  the  right  of  Use  without  the 
exclusive  Ownership.  We  consider  the  Hu- 
man Race  as  the  Usufructuaries  of  the  Globe.) 

The  earth  is  the  joint  Property  of  the  hu- 
man family,  and  no  member  of  tliat  iamily 
should  be  excluded  from  the  Usufruct  of  the 
soil  or  the  right  of  obtaining  a  livelihood  from 
It,  any  more  than  he  should  be  excluded  from 
the  light  and  air. 

This  is  the  original  and  natural  ri^ht  of  all 
men,  and  it  can  in  no  case  be  legitimately 
confiscated  or  superseded  by  any  other. 

But  to  every  Being  belong  exclusively  the 
objects  w^hich  he  may  by  his  Labor  and  Ta- 
lent produce  or  create,  and  he  has  a  right  to 
the  absolute  ownership  of  them,  and  can  dis- 
pose of  them  as  he  wishes. 

To  base  the  Right  of  Property  upon  a  true, 
just  and  equitable  foundation,  we  must  devise 
a  svstera  which  will  secure  to  the  Race  the 
Right  of  Usufruct  of  the  earth,  and  to  the  In- 
dividual the  product  of  his  labor  and  intelii- 

UZla-iirill    £ivr\1ciin    tlio  TYlPfln'5  ViV  whioh 


"  The  Human  Race  were  placed  upon  the 
earth  to  live  and  to  develop  the  high  life 
implanted  in  them.  The  Race  are  conse- 
quently the  Usufructuaries  of  the  surface  of 
the  globe.  This  right  of  Usufruct,  belonging 
to  the  Species,  is  the  result  of  the  relation 
which  exists  between  the  Human  Race  and 
the  Earth.— The  desliny  of  the  Species  is  to 
live  and  accomplish  its  development,  and  the 
function  of  the  latter  is  to  furnish  to  the  Spe- 
cies, individually  and  collectively,  the  means 
of  life  and  development. 

"  Under  the  system  of  Property,  as  it  is 
established  in  all  civilized  nations,  the  com- 
mon stock  to  which  the  entire  vSpecies  has  the 
full  right  of  Usutiruct,  has  been  usurped ;  it  is 
confiscated  and  monopolized  by  the  few  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  many.  Now,  were  there 
but  one  being  excluded  from  his  right  of  Usu- 
fruct to  the  joint  property  or  common  stock 
by  the  present  system  of  property,  this  exclu- 
sion would  of  itself  constitute  an  attack  upon 
the  original  and  natural  Right,  and  the  system 
of  Property  which  authorized  it,  would  cer- 
tainly be  unjust  and  illegitimate. 

"  Any  man  who,  coming  mto  the  world  in  a 
civilized  Society,  possesses  nothing,  and  finds 
the  earth  confiscated  all  around  him,  could  he 
not  say  to  those  who  preach  to  him  a  respect 
for  the  existing  System  of  Property — alleging 
as  a  reason,  the  respect  which  is  due  to  the 
sacred  Rights  of  Property — could  he  not  say  : 
*  Let  us  understand  each  other  and  distinguish 
things.     I  agree  with  you  that  the  Right  of 
Property  must  be  revered  and  preserved,  and 
desire  most  ardently  to  respect  it  with  regard 
to  others,  upon  the  just  condition  that  others 
respect  it  with  regard  to  me.     Now,  as  a 
member  of  the  human  Species,  I  have  a  right 
to  the  Usufruct  of  the  Soil,  which  is  the  com- 
mon property  of  the  Species,  and  which  Na- 
ture has  not,  as  I  know,  given  to  some  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  others.     In  virtue  of  the  sys- 
tem of  Property,  which  I  find  established  on 
coming  into  the  world,  the  common  stock  is 
confiscated,  and  perfectly  well  guarded.  Your 
System  of  Properly  is  consequently  based 
upon  the  spoliation  of  my  Right  of  Usufruct, 
and  of  thePtight  of  all  those,  and  the  number 
is  large,  who  are  in  the  same  position  with 
me.     Do  not  confound  the  Right  of  Proper- 
ty with  the  particular  System  of  Property^  - 
which  I  find  established  by  your  factitious 
Right,  and  agree  that  you  reason  very  badly 
when  you  ask  me,  in  the  name  of  the  Right 
of  Property,  to  respect  a  System  of  Property 
which  begins  by  spoliating  me  and  denying 
the  principle.     Find  some  other  reason  than 
that  of  the  Right  of  Property  to  induce  me  to 
adopt  your  System ;  for  the  legitimacy  of  the 
Right  of  Property,  which  you  are  iniprudent 
enough  to  invoke  against  me,  is  precisely  what 
arms  me  leffitimatelv  against  vou.  who  do  not 


SCIENTIFIC   FOUNDATION  OF   THE   STSTE5I   OF   PROPERTT. 


3» 


appear  to  suspect  that  you  are  my  spoliators, 
and  against  your  artificial  Right,  which  pre- 
tends to  sanction  the  usurpation  of  which  I 
am  the  victim.' 

"  Tlie  present  system  of  Property  is  conse- 
quently illegitimate,  and  is  based  upon  a  fun- 
damental spoliation.  How  could  it  be  other- 
wise in  a  Social  Order,  which  has  but  just 
emerged  from  the  warrior  Period,  and  under 
a  system  of  Legislation  which  can  but  be  a 
modification  of  the  old  Right  of  conquest. 

"  The  sentiment  of  this  illegality  has  I'ed 
some  theorists  to  the  idea  of  an  equal  division 
of  the  soil.  But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  this 
system,  which  would  be  still  a  confiscation  of 
the  earth,  and  would  take  from  the  individual 
his  Right  of  Usufruct  of  the  common  Property, 
would  not  possess  the  merit  even  of  being 
conformable  to  the  natural  Right,  in  as  much 
as  each  individual  could  say :  *  I  do  not  accept 
this  little  corner  of  land,  which  you  wish  to 
force  me  to  take  in  exchange  for  my  natural 
Right ;  I  do  not  want  the  ownership  of  this 
little  patch,  and  I  claim  the  Usufruct  of  the 
common  property.' 

"  The  first  principle,  consequently,  to  be  laid 
down  is,  that  the  Usufruct  of  the  earth  be- 
longs to  each  individual  of  the  Species:  it  is 
a  natural,  imprescriptible  Right,  and  of  the 
same  nature  as  the  right  to  the  sun  and  to  the 
air ;  for  man,  to  accomplish  his  existence,  re- 
quires the  fruits  of  the  earth  as  much  as  he 
requires  light  and  air.  We  will  suppose  this 
point  well  understood.  To  comprehend,  in 
the  next  place,  the  principle  upon  which  in- 
dividual Pro'perty  should  be  based  and  have 
a  legitimate  existence,  we  must  understand 
the  fundamental  Principle  of  the  Right  of  Pro- 
perty.    It  is  this :  ] 

"  Every  Man  possesses  legitimately  the 
OBJECT  which  his  Labor  or  his  Intelligence — 
or  in  more  sreneral  terms — which  his  Activity 
has  created." 

*♦  This  principle  is  incontestable,  and  it  is 
well  to  remark  that  it  contains  implicidy  the 
acknowledgment  of  the  Right  of  all  to  the 
Earth.    In  eflTect,  as  the  earth  was  not  created    \ 
by  Man,  it  results  from  the  fundamental  prin-   j 
ciple  of  Propeity  that  the  earth— the  common    ] 
stock  given  to  the  Species — cannot  in  any    \ 
manner  be  legitimately  the  exclusive  property    I 
of  such  or  such  individuals,  who  have  not   ^ 
created  that  property." 

"We  have  consequently  two  kinds  of  Pro- 
perty to  consider,  and  two  rights,  correspond-    | 
ing  to  those  two  kinds  of  Property,  to  secure,    s 

1st.  The  Earth,  in  its  original  and  unim-  \ 
proved  state,  which  is  the  joint  Property  of  J 
the  Species.  | 

2d.  The  Improvements  upon  it,  which  are   \ 
the  work  of  "the  Labor  and  IntelliGfence  of 
Man,  and  belong  to  the  individuals  who  made 
them. 

These  Improvements  consist  in  clearings, 
drainings,  dikings,  etc.,  in  towns,  cities  and 
edifices  of  every  descrip'ion,  in  roads,  bridges, 
canals  and  aqueducts,  in  vessels,  steamboats 


and  other  water  craft,  in  tools,  implements 
and  machinery,  in  flocks  and  domestic  animals 
of  every  kind,  in  workshops  and  manufacto- 
ries, in  furniture,  in  works  of  art  and  science, 
and  in  accumulated  cash  capital. 

These  Improvements  constitute  the  capital 
of  the  world ;  they  are  the  works  of  particular 
generations  and  individuals,  and  are  the  legi- 
timate property  of  those  who  made  them,  or 
of  those  to  whom  they  have  bequeathed  or 
disposed  of  them ;  for  every  individual  has  the 
right  of  disposing  of  what  is  legitimately  his 
as  he  wishes. 

These  two  kinds  of  Property — the  Earth 
and  the  Improvements — cannot  be  separated, 
and  the  great  question  is  to  devise  a  System 
of  Property,  by  means  of  which  the  right  of 
the  human  Species  to  the  Soil,  and  the  right  of 
the  Individual  to  the  Product  of  his  labor  and 
intelligence,  will  be  fully  maintained.  This 
is  perfectly  impossible  in  the  present  system 
of  Society;  the  earth  goes  with  the  improve- 
ments, and  becomes  the  exclusive  property  of 
those  who  own  them,  and  the  original  Right 
of  Man  to  the  soil  is  confiscated. 

It  is  only  in  Association,  with  its  system  of 
Sharehold  Property,  that  this  difficulty  caa 
be  overcome,  and  both  kinds  of  property  pre- 
served, and  both  rights  respected.  To  explain 
this  clearly,  we  will  suppose  an  Association 
of  eighteen  hundred  persons  residing  on  a  do- 
main of  six  thousand  acres,  under  a  high  state 
of  cultivation,  and  provided  with  all  improve- 
ments necessary  to  the.  comfort  of  man,  and 
to  enable  him  to  apply  his  labor  efficiently. 

The  increased  value  given  to  the  soil  by 
cultivation  and  the  improvements,  will  be  re- 
presented by  Stock  divided  into  shares,  which 
wnll  be  private  property,  and  will  be  owned 
by  those  who  are  entitled  to  them. 

'  They  Avho  hold  the  Stock  will  not  possess 
the  absolute  Ownership  of  the  soil,  manufac- 
tories, etc.,  and  be  able  to  exclude  the  other 
members  from  working  on  or  in  them.  On 
the  contrary,  every  member  will  have  the  full 
rijjht  of  cultivating  the  soil,  and  of  using  the 
improvements  necessary  thereto;  so  that  the 
orifjinal  Right  of  Man  to  the  Usufruct  of  the 
earth  will  be  respected. 

The  other  right — the  ricbt  of  the  Individual 
to  his  improvements,  will  be  secured  by  remu- 
nerating him  fairly  and  liberally  for  the  use  of 
them ;  he  will  receive  one  quarter  of  the  pro- 
duct of  the  labor  of  those  who,  in  cultivating 
the  soil,  enjoy  the  great  advantages  and  faci-  . 
lities  which  the  improvements  must  necessa- 
rily afford.  We  said  that  every  Individual 
should  possess  the  absolute  Ownership  of  the 
objects  which  he  by  his  labor  has  created,  and 
it  may  appear  a  restriction  to  represent  the 
improvements  by  Stock,  instead  of  surrender- 
ing them  to  the  entire  control  and  disposal  of 
those  who  made  them ;  but  when  objects, 
created  by  the  labor  of  individuals,  become 
permanent  improvements,  the  right  to  them 
must  be  somewhat  modified,  otherwise  the 
original  right  of  man  to  the  Usufruct  of  the 
earth  would  be  destroyed.  But  Association 
so  modifies  this  right  as  to  render  it  far  more 


40 


ATTRACTIVX  INDUSTRY. 


advantageous  than  the  absolute  possession  of 
the  improvements  themselves,  ibr  by  repre- 
senting them  by  stock  the  individual  is  paid 
for  the  use  of  them,  which  is  all  he  can  under 
any  circumstances  expect  or  desire,  and  he  is 
saved  the  trouble  of  supervision,  and  the  dan- 
ger of  losses  by  lire,  thefts,  trespasses,  etc. 

Association  will  secure  to  every  member 
of  the  human  family  the  right  of  Usufruct  of 
the  earth,  and  to  every  individual  the  right  of 
private  Property.  How  impossible  to  conci- 
liate and  secure  these  two  natural  Rights  in 
the  present  social  Order !  and  how  easy  and 
simple  the  means  by  which  it  will  be  effected 
in  Association  !  The  improvements  made  by 
human  labor  are  represented  by  stock,  which 
is  held  by  those  to  whom  they  legitimately 
belong — which  secures  the  right  of  indivi- 
dual property.  Under  this  system  of  indi- 
vidual property,  there  is  no  bar  to  the  right 
of  Usufruct,  and  the  fields,  gardens,  work- 
shops and  manufactories,  with  the  use  of  tools. 
Implements  and  machinery,  can  be  thrown 
.open  to  all  the  memlM?rs  of  the  Association, 
iuid  the  fullest  right  of  cultivating  and  working 
in  them  is  extended  to  every  person  without 
restriction. 

We  have  spoken  only  of  the  objects  created 
by  human  labor,  w^hich  have  become  improve- 
ments; whatever  the  individual  may  produce 
that  is  of  a  moveable  and  saleable  character, 
and  is  not  fixed  or  permanent  on  the  land,  he 
can  dispose  of  freely  and  in  any  way  he  thinks 
proper.  One  quarter,  however,  as  we  have 
explained,  is  deducted  to  pay  the  interest  upon 
the  stock.  This  deduction  is  made  for  the 
following  reason:  Man  is  entitled  to  the  Usu- 
fruct of  the  earth,  it  is  true,  but  only  in  its 
original  and  rude  state  as  received  from  ihe 
hands  of  the  Creator,  and  not  with  the  im- 
provements upon  it;  if  the  improvements  en- 
able him  to  produce  a  vast  deal  more  than  he 
could  have  done  without  them,  they  may  be 
justly  considered  a  joint  source  of  production, 
and  entitled  consequently  to  a  share  of  the 
product ;  this  share  should,  we  estimate,  be 
about  one  quarter,  but  this  proportion  time 
and  circumstances  may  somewhat  modify. 

In  a  state  of  Nature*,  before  any  regular  so- 
ciety is  constituted,  we  find  that  man  enjoys 
the  fullest  right  to  the  Usufruct  of  the  Earth. 
The  Savage  can  hunt  and  fish  and  gather 
fruits— that  is,  use  the  forests  and  streams  for 
his  advantage,  and  enjoy  whatever  he  may 
by  his  efforts  obtain.  In  a  true  system  of 
Society  these  natural  rights  should  not  be 
abridged,  as  they  are  in  the  Barbarian  and  Ci- 
vilized Societies',  but  greatly  extended — which 
they  will  be  in  the  Combined  Order.  Not  only 
will  that  Order  secure  to  all  the  right  of  Usu- 
fruct of  the  earth,  but  the  right  to  it  under 
a  high  state  of  cultivation  and  with  every  im- 
provement necessary  to  enable  Man  to  apply 
his  labor  and  intelligence  in  the  most  efficient 
manner  and  to  the  greatest  advantage. 

In  Europe  the  Soil  was  usurped  and  confis- 
cated by  military  Chiefs  or  the  Great  Barons 
after  tlie  downfall  of  the  Roman  power  and 
the  invasions  of  the  Barbarians  :  they  entailed 


it  upon  their  descendants,  in  whose  possession 
it  has  with  some  exceptions  since  remained,, 
and  succeeding  Generations  have  been  robbed. 
of  their  right  of  Usufruct  of  the  earth.  In  the 
United  States,  the  Soil  has  been  taken  by  the 
Government,  and  is  being  sold  out  in  small 
p;\rcels  to  individuals.  Although  a  funda- 
mental human  Right  is  violated  by  this  usur- 
pation, siill  it  cannot  be  complained  of,  for 
Society  not  being  so  organized  as  to  admit  of 
the  establishment  of  a  true  System  of  Pro- 
perty, it  must  be  taken  by  some  one,  and  it  is 
better,  perhaps,  that  it  should  be  by  Govern- 
ment than  by  squatters  or  others. 

In  concluding  our  observations  upon  this 
subject,  we  will  remark  that  Politicians  and 
men  of  Science  have  not  yet  discovered  the 
theory  of  a  true  system  of  Property;  and  had 
they  discovered  it,  they  could  not  have  applied 
it  with  the  knowledge  of  social  principles  now 
possessed,  or  in  the  present  system  of  Society. 
Now  when  they  see  that  the  Science  of  Asso- 
ciation offers,  not  only  an  explanation  of  the 
most  abstruse  social  principles,  but  the  means 
of  realizing  them  in  practice,  should  it  not 
command  the  attention  of  all  earnest  and 
thinking  minds  ? 


ATTRACTIVE  INDUSTRY. 


Up  to  the  present  tMive  Politicians  and  Philo- 
s()i)hers  have  not  dreamed  of  reuderinef  Indns- 
try  attractive  :  to  enchain  the  mass  to  liibor, 
they  have  discoversd  no  other  means,  aft^.r 
slavery,  than  the  fear  of  want  and  starvation  ; 
if,  however,  Industry  is  the  destiny  wtiich  is 
assi![;;ned  to  us  hy  tl)e  Creator,  how  can  we 
think  thai  he  would  vvisti  to  force  us  to  it  by 
violence,  and  that  he  has  not  known  how  to 
put  in  play  some  more  noble  Jever,  some  incen- 
tives capable  of  transforming  its  occupations 
into  pleasures  1  Fourikk. 

Labor  I  it  is  a  vast  question,  which  for  its  solu- 
tion demands  a  new  and  a  liigh  Science. 

To  Mssert  that  Labor  is  not  the  Destiny  of 
Man,  is  to  deny  evidence  :  to  assert  that  Labor 
is  the  Destiny  of  Man,  and  that  it  cannot  bt- 
conie  for  liim  a  source  of  happiness,  is  to  ca- 
lumniate the  Creator. 

There  must  then  be  two  laws  for  Labor  :  the 
law  of  ConstsaJHC,  wliich  comes  from  human 
Ignorance;  the  law  of  Charm  and  Attraction, 
whieh  is  the  intention  of  the  Divinity  ;  henirif 
these  two  results — Misery  or  Riches,  Oppres 
sion  or  Liberty.  C.  Vigoukeux. 

LABOR— the  source  of  all  material  riches 
and  temporal  comforts,  of  health  and  vigor„ 
and  the  means  by  Avhich  man  fulfils  his 
function  of  Overseen  of  the  Globe — Labor ! 
which  is  now  repulsive,  repugnant  and  de- 
grading—can,  we  assert,  be  dignified  and 
ENNOBLED,  and  rendered  honorable  and  at- 
tractive ! ! 

Repugnant  Industry  is  the  fundamental 
cause  of  the  majority  of  Evils  which  afflict 
Mankind ;  it  is  the  cause  of  Poverty  and  Self- 
ishness—of Debility  and  Disease— of  Slavery 
and  Servitude— of  Fraud,  Speculation  and  In- 
justice—of a  misemployment  and  non-employ- 
ment of  the  Faculties  and  Passion?— of  social 
Discord,  and  a  bad  Cultivation  of  the  Earth. 

This  great  practical  truth  has  not  been  dis- 


ATTRACTIVE   INDUSTRY. 


41 


covered,  because  men  have  not  carefully  ana- 
lyzed social  Evils  and  traced  out  their  primary 
causes. 

Man,  considered  as  a  bein^  subject  to  phy- 
sical Wants  and  as  a  Consumer,  starts  falsely 
in  his  career.  He  requires  the  products  of 
Industry — he  requires  its  riches,  and  the  va- 
ried means  of  comfort  and  enjoyment  which 
it  procures,  but  he  wishes  To  avoid  the  toil 
and  the  drudgery  of  producing  them. 

This  duplicity  between  the  End  and  the 
Means — between  the  object  desired  and  the 
labor  of  obtaining  it,  is  the  result  and  mon- 
strous anomaly  attendant  upon  a  false  and  ^ 
unnatural  system  of  Industry,  and  the  imme- ' 
diate  cause  of  a  part  of  the  evils  enumerated 
above.  In  earlier  Societies,  when  all  power 
was  vested  in  the  Sword,  a  few  enslaved  the 
mass  and  forced  them  to  toil  in  bondage,  that 
they  might  escape  the  burthen  of  labor  and 
live  in  idle  ease.  In  modern  civilized  Socie- 
ties, in  which  the  power  that  controls  Indus- 
try and  the  laboring  Mass  is  vested  in  Capital, 
numberless  and  complicated  are  the  commer- 
cial schemes  and  speculations,  the  leagues-  of 
privilege  and  monopoly,  the  deceptions,  frauds, 
impositions,  extortions  and  plans  of  direct  and 
indirect  plunder,  which  are  resorted  to  lor  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  products  or  riches 
of  Industry,  without  undergoing  its  repulsive 
burthen. 

Thus  we  see  that  ancient  Slavery  and  mo- 
dem Fraud  have  their  origia  in  Repugnant 
Industry. 

A^ain,  man  must  satisfy  the  wants  of  his 
physical  nature ;  he  must  eat  and  be  clothed, 
and  he  must  have  a  house  to  shelter  him ;  if 
these  primary  wants  are  not  satisfied,  he  pe- 
rishes. But  they  can  be  satisfied  only  by  the 
products  of  Industry,  and  as  Industry  is  re- 
pugnant, and  all  avoid  it  who  can  and  produce 
consequently  nothing,  and  as  they  who  cannot 
avoid  it,  work  with  apathy  and  disgust  and 
produce  but  little.  Poverty,  as  a  consequence, 
is  general,  and  the  great  majority  suffer  all 
the  evils  of  physical  privation. 

This  destitution  and  physical  suffering  smo- 
ther the  friendly  feelings  and  social  sentiments, 
'*  the  love  of  the  neighbor,"  and  the  higher 
aspirations  of  the  heart,  and  engender  that 
material  or  sensual  Selfishness  which  now 
exists  so  generally  in  Society.  The  world 
looks  upon  Selfishness  as  the  main  cause  of 
evil,  but  Selfishness  is,  to  a  great  extent,  the 
result  of  privation,  of  the  non-satisfaction  of 
the  physical  wants,  and  the  constant  strife 
which  is  necessary  to  provide  for  individual 
welfare — which  in  turn  are  the  results  of  the 
general  Poverj^  that  now  exists — and  this  ge- 
neral Poverty  is  itself  the  result  of  Repugnant 
Industry,  so  that  Repugnant  Industry  is  the 
cause  of  Poverty  and  Selfishness. 

Again,  they  who  can  live  without  labor,  by 
living  on  the  labor  of  others,  and  escape  the 
repulsive  and  oppressive  burthen  of  our  false 
system  of  Industry,  and  pass  their  time  in 
idle  ease,  are,  for  the  want  of  healthy  and 
active  occupation,  oppressed  by  lassitude  and 
ennui,  and  afflicted  by  debility  and  disease, 


and  drag  out  an  existence  of  physical  suffer- 
ing and  discontent.  The  Faculties  and  Pas- 
sions, being  left  comparatively  inactive  and 
having  no  field  for  development  in  the  noble 
sphere  of  Industry,  seek  for  outlets  in  frivo- 
lous and  pernicious  pursuits  —  in  drinkinff, 
gambling,  and  other  kinds  of  debauchery  and 
dissipation.  Thus  disease,  and  misernploy- 
ment  and  perversion  of  the  Faculties  and  Pas- 
sions are  also  results  of  Repugnant  Industry. 

If  we  take  a  general  survey  of  Social  Evils 
and  examine  their  causes,  we  shall  see  that  a 
majority  of  them  have  their  source  in  Repug- 
nant Industry ! 

It  may  be  asked,  why  it  is  that  the  happi- 
ness of  man  is  so  intitnately  connected  with 
Industry  ?  Why  the  Creator  has  made  its 
exercise  a  condition  of  his  temporal  welfare  ? 
It  would  require  much  space  lo  answer  this 
question,  as  it  involves  a  solution  of  the  pro- 
blem of  the  Destiny  of  Man  on  Earth— a  sub- 
ject which  to  "  mere  practical  minds"  might 
appear  extravagant  and  visionary — but  the 
"  flict"  is  evident  and  speaks  for  itself,  which 
is  sufficient,  that  Repugnant  Industry,  which 
divorces  man  from  creative  Labor,  is  the  pri- 
mary source  of  Social  Evils. 

Let  Attractive  Industry  —  the  grandest 
practical  conception  of  the  human  Mind — be 
realized  in  practice,  as  it  will  be  by  the  me- 
chanism of  the  Groups  and  Series  in  Associa- 
tion, and  the  greatest  and  most  beneficent 
results  will  follow  !  It  will  develop  the  ener- 
gies of  Mankind,  and  regenerate  them  physic- 
ally or  corporeally; — it  will  secure  Riches,  or 
an  abundance  of  worldly  blessings  and  com- 
forts to  all,  and  sweep  the  scourge  of  Indigence 
from  the  earth ; — it  will  eradicate  Selfishness 
by  freeing  man  from  physical  privations  and 
sufferings,  and  from  harassing  anxieties  of 
mind — without  which  the  social  sentiments 
and  feelings  cannot  expand  and  develop  them- 
selves fi-eely ; — it  will  replace  disease  and  de- 
bility, wirh  their  depressing  and  melancholy 
influence,  by  health  and  vigor  and  elastic  joy; 
— it  will  give  freedom  to  the  Victims  of  bond- 
age and  servitude  of  every  kind,  for  none  will 
want  dependent  fellow-creatures  to  toil  for 
them,  when  Industry  is  rendered  attractive, 
and  its  exercise  has  become  a  primary  source 
of  happiness; — it  will  open  a  new  and  vast 
career  to  the  Genius  and  Energy  of  Man,  and 
employ  usefully  the  Passions,  the  activity  of 
which  is  now  lost  in  monotonous  idleness,  or 
misdirected  in  false  spheres  of  action ; — it  will 
render  all  men  voluntary  Producers,  and  do 
away  with  the  wish  and  necessity  of  specula- 
tion, fraud,  over-reaching,  extortion  and  every 
variety  of  plunder,  direct  and  indirect,  to  ob- 
tain without  labor  the  riches  of  Industry ; — it 
will  lead  to  a  universal  and  thorough  cultiva- 
tion of  the  Globe,  and  the  embellishment  of 
its  surface,  and  will  fulfil  literally  the  prophe- 
cies of  Scripture,  that  "the  sword  shall  be 
beat  into  the  ploughshare,  and  the  spear  into 
the  pruning-hook  ;"  and  that  '*  the  wilderness 
and  the  solitary  place  shall  be  glad  for  them ; 
and  the  desert  shall  rejoice  and  blossom  as 
the  rose." 


ATTRACTIVE  INDTTSTRT. 


WHY   IS   INDUSTRY   REPUGNANT? 


The  idea  of  rendering  Industry  Attrac- 
tive, is  so  entirely  new,  and  so  opposed  to  all 
views  hitherto  held  in  regard  to  it,  that  we 
need  not  he  surprised  if  it  should  be  declared  a 
delusive  hope,  a  vain  aspiration  and  a  chimera 
of  the  imagination.  But  it  is  not  so — it  is  a 
simple  but  noble  Idea,  founded  in  truth,  and 
may  be  easily  rendered  a  practical  reality. 
How  can  we  reconcile  the  idea  of  Industry 
being  naturally  and  inherently  repugnant,  de- 
gradini,^  and  brutalizing,  with  the  goodness 
and  wisdom  of  the  Creator,  when  it  is,  as  we 
sec,  the  first  want  of  Man,  the  essential  condi- 
tion of  his  Existence  and  Happiness  ? 

It  is  the  circumstances  under  which  Indus- 
try has  been  prosecuted,  that  have  impressed 
the  Avorld  with  the  erroneous  opinion  that  it 
is  naturally  and  inherently  repugnant.  But  a 
slight  examination  of  these  circumstances  will 
account  for  this  false  and  fatal  belief  It  has 
in  all  past  times  been  prosecuted  by  Slaves, 
Serfs  and  hired  Menials,  and  this  has  cast  a 
stigma  upon  it,  and  made  it  appear  in  the  eyes 
of  the  world  dishonorable  and  degrading: — it 
has,  under  every  mode  of  prosecution,  been 
connected  with  poverty,  ignorance  and  degra- 
dation, which  are  all  revolting  to  the  feelings 
of  man — and  these  things,  so  abhorrent  to  the 
instincts  of  the  soul,  have  been  confounded 
with  Industry  itself,  Avhen,  in  truth,  they  are 
the  results  of  the  false  modes  in  which  it  has 
been  exercised: — it  has  always  been  ill-re- 
quited or  unrequited  : — it  has  been  prosecuted 
in  dirty  workshops  and  manufactories,  amidst 
dust  or  filaments,  or  in  lonesome  fields  with 
exposure  to  the  hot  sun  or  to  the  rain :— it  has 
been  prosecuted  through  long,  monotonous  and 
dreary  hours,  day  after  day  and  year  after  year, 
with  l3ut  little  relaxation ,'and  litile  variety  and 
change: — it  has  brought  neither  honor,  rank 
nor  wealth  to  the  Laborer,  Avho  has  ever  been 
subjected  to  the  rapacity  of  masters  and  em- 
ployers, but  it  has  wasted  his  strength  and 
brutalized  his  mind  in  slavish  Drudgery,  and 
placed  him  in  the  lowest  rank  in  the  scale  of 
social  hierarchy.  All  these  circumstances  have 
been  connected  with  Industry,  and  is  it  sur- 
prising that  it  should  be  viewed  with  repui^- 
nance  and  abhorrence,  when  these  are  consi- 
dered necessary  and  unavoidable  conditions  of 
its  exercise  ? 

But  may  not  Industry  be  prosecuted  in  an 
entirely  different  manner  from  that  in  which 
it  now  is,  and  ever  has  been  ?  May  not  an  Or- 
ganization be  given  to  it  which,  differing  in 
every  way  from  the  false  and  vile  modes  hi- 
therto employed,  will  strip  it  of  its  loathsome 
and  repugnant  accompaniments,  and  in  lieu  of 
them  connect  with  it  pleasing,  honorable  and 
noble  incentives  ?  Unquestionably,  and  in 
contlrmation  of  the  fact,  we  will  adduce  a  few 
comparative  illustrations. 

What  should  we  think  of  our  most  highly 
prized  pleasures — balls,  operas,  concerts,  etc. 
— ^if  the  same  conditions,  now  connected  with 
Industry,  were  imposed  upon  them  ?  Suppose 


a  ball  or  an  opera  were  held  in  a  dirty  and 
gloomy  room— that  the  guests  were  badly 
dressed,  rude  in  their  manners  and  coarse  in 
their  language,  would  it  be  attractive  or  agree- 
able? And  suppose,  in  addition,  that  they 
had  to  attend  it  daily,  and  dance  or  listen 
to  music  for  twelve  or  fourteen  hours  with 
scarcely  any  intermission,  would  they  not  sink 
under  the  oppressive  burthen  and  declare  it  a 
dreadful  and  insupportable  task?  And  yet, 
when  all  these  causes  of  repugnance  and  dis- 
gust, and  others  worse  still,  are  connected  with 
the  exercise  of  Industry,  hov/  can  Ave  expect 
it  to  be  agreeable  and  attractive — or  even  sujv 
portable?  We  cannot;  and  it  is  evident  that 
an  entirely  new  Organization  m.ust  be  given 
to  Industry,  and  new  conditions  and  circum- 
stances connected  with  it,  before  it  can  be 
dignified  and  rendered  attractive. 

But  balls  and  operas  are  agreeable— and 
why  ?  Because  they  are  held  in  elegant  places, 
with  company  gay  and  polite,  and  beautifully 
dressed — because  Music  and  the  sister  Arts 
lend  their  charm  and  enliven  the  scene — be- 
cause the  social  Feelings  are  called  out  and 
wake  up  enthusiasm  in  the  soul — and  lastly, 
and  above  all,  because  they  do  not  last  long 
enough  to  fatigue  the  senses  and  become  mo- 
notonous and  oppressive. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  reasons  why  bnlls, 
operas  and  parties  are  agreeable,  and  are  at- 
tended with  delight.  Now,  if  Industry  were 
conducted  under  similar  conditions,  could  it  not 
be  rendered  equally  as  attractive?  It  could, 
and,  in  fact,  far  more  so,  Avhen  all  the  incen- 
tives applicable  to  this  noble  activity,  so  vast 
and  comprehensive  in  its  range,  embracing 
the  whole  field  of  Nature,  Art  and  Science, 
are  brought  to  bear. 

We  will  point  out  a  few  of  the  conditions 
which  must  be  connected  with  Industry  to 
render  it  attractive.  'J'he  fields  and  gardens, 
Avhich  the  whole  populationof  an  Association 
will  be  more  or  less  engaged  in  cultivating, 
must  be  beautifully  laid  out  and  embellished 
— the  workshops  and  manufactories  elegantly 
fitted  up  and  decorated,  and  everything  con- 
nected with  them  clean  and  perfect — the  tools, 
implements  and  machinery  of  the  best  quality, 
labor-saving  and  convenient — the  dresses  tasty 
and  comfortable — the  workmen  polite  and  well 
educated,  and  united  in  their  respective  occu- 
pations by  similarity  of  taste,  by  friendship, 
sympathy  of  character  and  identity  of  interests 
—the  profits  of  labor  awarded  to  the  Producer 
— rank  and  honors  conferred  upon  those  who 
distinguish  themselves  by  proficiency  and  use- 
ful services,  and  finally,' variety  in  occur a- 
tions,  so  that  Labor  need  not  become  irksome 
and  oppressive  from  monotony,  long  continued 
exertion  and  fatigue. 

We  find  various  minor  indications  in  So- 
ciety which  tend  strongly  to  confirm  the  idea 
that  Industry  may  be  rendered  attractive. 
Take  fox-hunting  for  an  example ;  it  is  a  la- 
borious and  even  dangerous  pursuit,  and  yet, 
from  the  incentives  connected  with  it,  it  is  ex- 
tremely attractive,  and  for  the  wealthy  even, 
who  possess  every  means  of  enjoyment  that 


GROTTPS  AND  SERIES. 


society  affords.  Fire  Companies  are  another 
and  very  striking  example:  the  labor  they 
require  is  excessive,  and  often  dangerous,  and 
connected  frequently  with  the  most  disagree- 
able circumstances,  such  as  requiring  attention 
on  a  cold  winter's  night,  and  yet  the  members 
of  the  Fire  Companies  devote  themselves  to 
their  duties  with  great  energy  and  devotion, 
and  without  any  compensation.  This  effect 
is  produced  entirely  by  the  manner  in  which 
the  labor  is  prosecuted,  or  in  other  words,  the 
organization  which  is  given  to  it.  The  mem- 
bers of  volunteer  military  Companies,  boat 
Clubs,  etc.,  go  through  a  great  deal  of  laborious 
work  in  drilling,  practising,  etc.,  which  they 
do  from  attraction,  for  they  are  neither  con- 
strained to  do  it,  nor  are  they  paid  for  it — 
the  only  means  in  the  opinion  of  the  world 
of  inducing  people  to  work.  Many  of  our 
plays — cricket,  bowling,  etc. — which  are  la- 
borious, are  attractive  merely  on  account  of 
the  emulation  or  rivalry  connected  with  them, 
and  the  slight  expansion  they  afford  to  the 
social  feelings. 

Commerce  and  Banking,  which  rank  at 
present  among  the  most  honorable  pursuits, 
because  they  are  the  two  principal  avenues 
to  Fortune,  have  been  looked  upon  by  the 
world,  until  within  a  century  or  two,  as  quite 
mean  and  contemptible  occupations.  There 
is  nothing  whatever  in  the  nature  of  their 
pursuits  to  render  them  more  honorable  and 
attractive  than  the  commonest  employments 
of  life,  but  they  have  become  so,  because  they 
lead  to  fortune — which,  in  this  money-making 
A<^e,  possesses  the  highest  claim  to  Rank  and 
Distinction. 

But,  as  a  conclusive  proof  that  Industry  can 
be  rendered  attractive,  let  us  look  at  War  and 
Carnage ;  this  hideous  and  monstrous  work  of 
bloodshed  and  destruction,  naturally  so  repul- 
sive to  human  nature,  has  been  rendered 
honorable  and  attractive  by  the  organization 
which  has  been  given  to  Armies  and  the  in- 
centives which  have  been  connected  with  it. 
Now  if  these  incentives — such  as  music,  uni- 
forms, banners,  rivalries  of  masses,  corporate 
enthusiasm,  honors,  fame,  rank  and  power, 
the  smile  of  beauty,  the  chant  of  the  poet 
and  the  blessing  of  the  priest — have  rendered 
Carnage  attractive,  may  we  not  suppose  that 
if  applied  to  the  great  work  of  Production,  they 
would  render  Industry  attractive  ?  Who  can 
doubt  it?  And  let  these  incentives  and  all 
the  resources  of  Art  and  Science  be  directed 
to  the  organization  and  prosecution  of  Indus- 
try as  they  have  been  to  War;  let  it  throw 
open  a  similar  field  to  honors,  preferments  and 
fortune,  and  men  will  seek  with  avidity  and 
ardent  enthusiasm  its  exercise  as  the  means 
of  attaining  those  desires  of  the  human  heart. 
The  mighty  energy  which  could  thus  be  di- 
rected to  Industry,  would  increase  Riches  im- 
measurably, and  secure  abundance  and  ease  to 
all.  Sweep  from  the  earth  the  scourge  of  In- 
digence, with  its  blighting  influences — igno- 
rance, dependency  and  degradation— which 
smother  so  frightfully  the  faculties  and  ener- 
gies, and  the  higher  aspirations  of  Man,  and 


who  can  estimate  the  high  degree  of  Perfec 
tion  and  Greatness,  to  which  he  can  attain  ? 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


The  Series  of  Groups  is  the  mode  adopted  by  Go 
in  the  whole  distribution  of  the  Universe  ;  th 
three  kingdoms  of  Nature— the  animal,  vege 
table  and  mineral — present  ns  only  Series  oi 
Groups.  Naturalists,  in  tlieir  theories  and  ta 
bles,  have  unanimously  followed  this  distribu 
tion  ;  they  could  not  have  depsrled  from  i 
without  deviatin£»^from  Nature,  and  falling^  int 
confusion,  if  the  passions  and  characters  wer 
not  regulated,  like  the  material  kingdoms,  b 
Series  of  Groups,  Man  would  he  out  of  unit 
with  the  Universe;  there  would  be  duplicit 
of  system  and  incoherence  between  the  mate 
rial  and  the  spiritual  or  passional  world.  1 
man  wishes  to  attain  social  Unity,  he  mus 
seek  for  the  means  in  this  Serial  Order,  t 
which  God  has  subjected  all  Nature. 

FOURIEB. 


Three  different  Systems  of  Labor  have  beei 
established  up  to  the  present  time  upon  thi 
earth. 

1st.  Slavery  : — It  was  almost  universal  ii 
Antiquity,  but  exists  to  a  very  limited  exten 
in  modern  civilized  countries.  It  had  its  ori 
gin  in  a  social  period  of  war  and  carnage 
when  Industry  was  in  a  rude  and  undevelope< 
state — that  is,  when  implements,  machinery 
and  other  facilities  for  prosecuting  it  were  no 
invented,  and  its  exercise  was  extremely  dii 
ficult.  Constraint  and  violence  under  thei 
rudest  forms  were  necessary  to  force  man  t( 
labor,  and  the  institution  of  slavery  was  en 
gendered  by  the  combined  influence  of  th( 
dominion  of  brute  force  or  the  military  power 
and  repugnant  Industry. 

2d.  Serfdom,  or  Feudal  Bondage : — It  wa: 
universal  in  Europe  during  the  first  and  mid 
die  Ages,  and  still  exists  in  Russia,  Polani 
and  Hungary.  Serfdom  may  be  considere( 
as  a  transitional  system  between  the  direct  o 
personal  dependence  of  Slavery  and  the  in 
direct  or  pecuniary  dependence  of  the  Wage 
system. 

3d.  Hired  Labor,  or  Labor  for  wages:— 
This  system  is  the  one  now  generally  exist 
ing  among  civilized  nations,  and  has  replace( 
Slavery  and  Serfdom. 

Under  the  first  system,  man  belongs  to  hi; 
fellow-man  with  unqualified  possession:  un 
der  the  second  system  he  is  connected  witi 
the  soil  as  a  fixture,  and  the  right  of  the 
master  is  not  absolute :  under  the  third  sys 
tem,  he  possesses  a  corporeal  liberty,  bu 
being  without  capital — that  is,  without  soi 
to  cultivate  or  manufactories  in  which  t( 
work,  he  must  sell  his  time  and  labor  to,  anc 
become  the  dependent  hireling  of,  those  wh( 
own  those  means  of  production,  and  can  em 
ploy  him.  Under  the  two  first  systems,  corpo 
real  punishments  are  the  constraining  meani 
made  use  of  to  force  Man  to  labor:  under  thi 
last  system,  want  and  starvation  are  substi 
tuted  in  their  place. 

In  no  age  or  country  have  Statesmen  anc 
Philosophers  endeavored  to  effect  an  industria 


lam 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


leform— a  reform  m  those  three  false  systems 
'f  Labor,  and  to  establish  the  natural  system 
'f  Industry  in  their  place;  they  have  looked 
ipon  Labor  as  an  element  of  an  inferior  order 
ri  the  social  Organization, — as  something  se- 
ondary  and  unv/orthy  of  attention,  and  suf- 
ered  the  Mass  to  be  the  victims  of  the  false 
nd  oppressive  systems  which  accident  and 
^•uorance  have  established. 

To  the  genius  of  Fourier  is  due  the  disco- 
ery  of  the  true  and  natural  system  of  Industry 
-the  associative  and  attractive  system,  which 
3  destined  to  replace  the  false  and  repugnant 
ystems  that  now  exist,  and  sweep  indigence, 
ervitude  and  dependency  from  the  earth. 

Let  us  now  proceed  to  explain  the  means 
y  which  Industry  will  be  rendered  Attractive 
-that  is,  the  organization  which  Avill  be  given 
0  it,  or  the  system  by  which  it  will  be  pur- 
ued  to  render  its  exercise  pleasing  and  en- 
icing.  Fourier  terms  the  system  the  Serial 
vlechnnism,  or  the  mechanism  of  the  Groups 
nd  Series.  We  will  commence  by  simple 
nd  elementary  explanations  of  the  nature  and 
rpnization  of  the  Groups  and  Series,  Avhich 
nil  not  show  at  once  how  Industry  can  be 
ignified  and  rendered  attractive,  but  which 
lust  be  understood  to  see  how  those  great 
nds  can  be  attained. 

A  Group  is  a  body  of  persons  united  from 

taste  for  any  occupation,  whether  of  Indus- 
ry,  Art  or  Science,  and  who  combine  for  the 
urpose  of  prosecuting  it. 

Fire  companies,  volunteer  military  compa- 
res, boat  clubs  and  hunting  parties  offer 
xaraples  of  imperfect  Groups ;  they  possess 
ome  of  the  characteristics  of  regular  Groups, 
uch  as  identity  of  taste  for  the  occupation, 
orporate  spirit,  emulation,  and  often  sympa- 
hy  of  character  between  the  members. 

A  full  Group  should  be  composed  of  at  least 
even  persons,  and  form  three  divisions  or 
hree  sub-groups,  the  centre  one  of  which 
hould  be  stronger  than  the  two  wings  or  ex- 
reraes.  A  Group  of  seven  persons  will  fur- 
ish  the  three  following  divisions :  2-3-2  (two 
lersons  at  each  wing  and  three  in  the  centre), 
'ach  division  would  be  engaged  with  some 
epartment  of  the  work  with  which  the  Group 
c^as  occupied. 

In  a  Group  regularly  organized,  the  ascend- 
tig  wing  should  be  stronger  than  the  descend- 
ag  win.":,  and  the  centre  stronger  than  either. 
Ue  will  2:ive  examples  of  two  Groups,  one 
omposed  of  twelve,  and  the  other  of -sixteen 
nembers. 


Group  of  12  members 


C  Ascending  wing  ...  4 

5 }  Centre    ....  \  ...  5 

(  Descending  wiiig    .  .  3 

f  Ascf 
}  Cent 
(  Desc 


Ascending  wing  .2-3 

Group  of  16  members,  ^  Centre 2-3-2 

scending  wing  2  -  2 


The  object  of  these  divisions  will  be  ex- 
>lained  hereafter. 

A  Series  is  distributed  in  the  same  manner 
:S  a  Group :  the  Series  are  composed  of  a 
lumber  of  Groups,  as  Groups  are  composed 


Groups  upon  individuals.  A  Series  must  con 
tain  at  least  three  Groups — a  Centre  and  twt/ 
Wings:  twenty- four  persons  is  the  least  num- 
ber with  which  a  Series  can  be  formed.  The 
central  Group  should  be  stronger  than  the  two 
Groups  of  the  wings.  As  there  will  be  a 
strong  emulation  between  the  centre  and  the 
wings,  and  as  the  wings  will  unite  in  their 
efforts  to  excel  the  centre,  the  latter  must  be 
more  numerous  in  order  to  be  able  to  vie  with, 
and  equal  the  influence  of  the  wings.  The 
ascending  Aving  will  be  occupied  with  the 
heaviest  branch  of  a  work,  if  the  Series  be 
engaged  in  manufactures,  and  with  the  largest 
variety,  if  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  grains, 
fruits,  vegetables  or  flowers ;  the  centre  will 
be  occupied  with  the  most  elegant  and  attrac- 
tive branch  or  variety;  and  the  descending 
Aving  with  the  lightest  and  smallest.  We  will 
explain  practically  what  we  have  here  said  by 
some  examples,  as  it  will  be  the  best  means  of 
making  the  subject  understood. 

Suppose  in  an  Association  three  varieties  of 
some  species  of  a  peach  or  pear  are  cultivated ; 
a  Group  would  be  occupied  with  each  variety, 
and  the  three  Groups  united  would  form  a 
Series  oi peach  or  pear  Growers.  The  Group 
engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  finest  and 
most  beautiful  variety,  would  form  the  centre 
of  the  Series;  the  Group  occupied  with  the 
coarser  variety,  the  ascending  wing ;  and  the 
Group  occupied  with  the  smaller  and  most 
delicate  variety,  the  descending  wing.  If  we 
suppose  a  large  Series,  consisting  of  twelve  or 
more  Groups,  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of 
three  distinct  species  of  peaches,  instead  of 
three  varieties  of  one  species,  the  ascending 
wing  would  probably  be  engaged  with  clings, 
the  centre  with  rare-ripes,  and  the  descending 
wing  with  fall  peaches. 

The  members  of  an  Association  will  choose 
freely  the  Groups  which  they  wish  to  join; 
theywill  consult  their  own  tastes,  and  no  dic- 
tation or  control  will  be  exercised  by  the  As- 
sociation. The  members  of  a  Group  will  be 
equal,  associated  partners,  united  from  a  taste 
for  the  occupation  in  w^hich  they  engage,  and 
prosecuting?  it  for  their  joint  account  and  ad- 
vantage. There  will  be  no  employer  or  master 
at  the  head  of  the  Group ;  no  control  of  the 
individual  by  the  individual,  as  the  system  of 
hired  Labor  will  be  done  away  with;  the 
members  will  choose  the  most  skilful  or  ex- 
perienced as  Officers  of  the  Groups  and  Series, 
to  whom  titles  like  that  of  President  and  Vice- 
President,  or  Foreman  and  Assistant  Foreman, 
will  be  given. 

When  a  Series  is  regularly  organized,  and 
the  different  Groups  are  engaged  in  the  culti- 
vation of  their  favorite  varieties  or  species,  or 
the  manufaciure  of  their  favorite  objects,  then 
will  a  strong  emulation  be  aroused  betAveen 
them ;  they  Avill  vie  w4th  each  other  in  giving 
to  their  productions  the  greatest  perfection, 
and  in  endeavoring  to  prove  their  superior 
usefulness,  advantage  or  beauty.  The  wings 
will  unite  in  their  endeavors  to  excel  the  cen- 
tre, as  singly  they  could  not  hope  to  vie  witfi 
if!  thpppntrp.  on'the  Other  hand, will  have  to 


GROTJPS  AND  SERIES. 


45 


withstand  the  united  efforts  of  the  wings  and 
balance  the  value  or  elegance  of  their  produc- 
tions by  the  superiority  of  its  own.  These 
emulative  rivalries  and  other  incentives,  which 
we  will  point  out  later,  and  which  the  Groups 
and  Series  will  call  out,  will  give  a  powerful 
attraction  to  Industry,  and  do  away  with  that 
apathy  and  disgust,  which  we  now  see  con- 
nected with  it — prosecuted  as  it  is,  monoto- 
nously, solitarily  and  without  change. 

The  emulation  which  will  exist  between 
Groups  and  between  Series  in  Association  will 
be  noble  and  friendly,  and  will  replace  the  en- 
vious and  hostile  rivalry,  called  free  competi- 
tion. Various  causes  will  prevent  any  hostile 
feelings  from  growing  out  of  the  emulation  of 
the  Groups  and  Series:  it  will,  in  the  first 
place,  be  corporate  and  collective,  as  it  will 
exist  between  Groups  animated  by  a  noble 
corporate  feeling,  and  not  between  individual 
and  individual.  In  the  second  place,  every 
person  will  belong  to  several  Groups,  and  will 
be  engaged  at  different  times  in  different 
Groups ;  there  will,  consequently,  be  alterna- 
tions or  changes  from  corporate  Rivalry  to 
federative  Union — that  is  to  say,  if  two  per- 
sons are  engaged  at  one  time  in  different 
Groups  as  rivals,  by  a  change  of  occupation 
they  are  brought  together  in  the  same  Group 
as  friendly  co-operators.  In  the  third  place, 
each  Association  will  vie  with  other  and  neigh- 
boring Associations  in  giving  perfection  to  their 
branches  of  Industry  and  the  Arts,  and  al- 
though the  Groups  and  Series  in  each  will  be 
animated  by  corporate  rivalry,  and  endeavor  to 
carry  away  the  palm  from  each  other,  they 
will  be  united  as  one  man  in  their  endeavors 
to  excel  the  Series  of  other  Associations. 

A  full  Series  should  contain  seven  Groups : 
with  this  number  each  wing  could  contain  two 
Groups,  and  the  centre  three.  A  Series  thus 
organized  would  elicit  much  stronger  emula- 
tion and  give  a  greater  degree  of  zest  and 
attraction  to  its  pursuits,  and,  as  a  conse- 
quence, greater  perfection  to  the  branch  of 
Industry  in  which  it  is  engaged.  We  will 
recur  again  to  a  practical  example  to  illustrate 
tliis,  and  choose  a  Scries  engaged  in  some 
agricultural  pursuit.  The  ascending  and  de- 
scending wings  of  the  Series,  instead  of  being 
composed  of  a  single  Group  occupied  with  the 
cultivation  of  but  one  variety  of  a  species — say 
of  a  fruit  or  vegetable,  would  be  composed 
of  two  Groups  occupied  with  two  varieties 
of  the  same  species,  and  the  centre  of  three 
Groups,  cultivating  three  varieties  of  the  same 
or  another  species. 

In  a  Series  of  three  Groups  there  will  be 
emulation  only  between  the  two  wings  and 
the  centre,  but  with  seven  Groups,  there  will 
be  emulation,  not  only  between  the  wings  and 
the  centre,  but  between  the  two  Groups  of  each 
of  the  wbags  and  the  three  Groups  of  the 
centre :  the  emulation  or  rivalry  will  be  raised 
a  degree,  and  instead  of  being  simple  will  be 
compound.  The  Groups  of  each  wing,  as  well 
as  the  wings  themselves,  will  be  rivals,  but 
they  will  be  united  in  their  endeavors  to  sur- 
pass the  centre.    The  three  Groups  of  the 


centre  will  emulate  each  other  in  giving  to 
their  favorite  varieties  the  greatest  perfection, 
but  they  will  be  united  in  turn  to  excel  the 
wings.  The  more  closely  the  varieties  and 
species  resemble  each  other,  and  the  greater 
the  hesitation  and  indecision  which  are  ex- 
cited on  the  part  of  judges  as  to  which  variety 
or  species  the  preference  should  be  given,  the 
stronger  will  be  the  emulation  of  the  Groups, 
and  the  greater  the  zeal  of  each  to  obtain  a 
marked  superiority. 

Thus,  in  a  Series  properly  organized,  there 
will  be  Emulation  between  the  Groups  of  the 
centre  and  wings,  and  Federation  between  the 
Groups  of  the  wings  to  excel  the  centre,  and 
between  the  Groups  of  the  centre  to  excel 
the  wings,  and  then  a  general  federation  be- 
tween all  the  Groups  of  the  Series  to  excel 
the  Series  of  the  surrounding  Associations. 

But  why  not  leave  the  Series,  with  their 
emulation  and  corporate  enthusiasm  aside,  it 
will  be  asked  by  persons  who  dread  whatever 
appears  complicated  and  minute  in  its  details, 
and  pursue  a  simpler  method  ?  The  reason  is, 
because  it  is  only  by  emulation,  corporate  en- 
thusiasm and  other  incentives,  which  the  Se- 
ries call  out,  that  Industry  can  be  rendered 
attractive;  if  we  do  not  employ  these  means, 
we  shall  always  have  Repugnant  Industry 
with  its  fraud,  misery  and  injustice. 

From  the  preceding  remarks  the  reader  will 
be  able  to  form  an  idea  of  a  Series  with  its 
Groups; — we  will  define  it  once  more.  A  Se- 
ries is  a  league  or  imion  of  several  Groups,  as 
a  Group  is  a  union  of  several  individuals,  dis- 
tributed in  an  ascending  and  descending  order 
— that  is,  with  wings  and  a  centre,  united 
from  an  identity  of  taste  for  an  occupation, 
and  applying  a  special  Group  to  each  branch 
of  the  work,  or  each  variety  of  the  species 
with  which  it  is  engaged.  If  the  Series  i?i 
cultivating  tulips  or  pears,  wheat  or  potatoes, 
it  must  form  as  many  Groups  as  varieties  of 
tulips  or  pears,  wheat  or  potatoes,  can  be  cul- 
tivated upon  the  lands  of  the  Association. 

The  Groups  of  a  Series  must  be  occupied 
with  varieties  of  a  Species,  and  not  with  dis- 
tinct Species.  Emulation  could  not  exist  be* 
tween  three  Groups  breeduig  the  Flanders 
horse,  the  Arabian  horse  and  mules — or  culti- 
vating cling-stone  peaches,  rare-ripes  and  fall 
peaches.  Judges  would  say  that  they  were 
loo  dissimilar  to  allow  of  a  comparison,  and 
would  give  at  once  a  preference  to  one  or  the 
other ;  as  a  consequence,  emulation  could  not 
be  called  out.  A  large  Series  might  be  en- 
gaged with  distinct  species,  in  which  case  it 
would  apply  the  Groups  of  the  centre  and 
wings  to  different  varieties  of  each  Species. 
Between  Groups  breeding  three  varieties  of 
the  Arabian  horse,  or  even  three  colors  if  there 
were  not  varieties,  or  cultivating  three  kinds 
of  the  cling  or  rare-ripe  peach,  there  would  be 
a  strong  emulation,  because  differences  of  opi- 
nion as  to  superiority,  and  preferences  for  this 
or  that  variety,  would  be  elicited. 

"We  will  give  examples  of  the  distribution 
of  a  few  Series.  With  the  aid  of  these  ex- 
amples, persons  who  are  acquainted  with 


46 


GEOTTPS  AND   SERIES. 


particular  branches  of  Industry  can  easily  di- 
vide their  operations  or  functions  into  three 
or  more  parts,  and  apply  a  Group  or  a  Series 
of  Groups  to  them. 

When  a  Species  does  not  afford  varieties 
enough  for  a  Series,  then  Species  which  closely 
resemble  each  other  must  be  taken. 

A  Scries  of  12  Groups  cultivating  Pears. 

Asc.  W.  .  4  Groups  cultivating  4  varieties  of  the  early 
Bergamot. 

Centre  .  .  5  Groups  cultivating  5  varieties  of  the  red 
Bergamot. 

Desc.  W. .  3  Groups  cultivating  3  varieties  of  the  sum- 
mer Bergamot. 

A  Series  of  9  Groups  cultivating  Apples. 
Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  cultivating  3  varieties  of  the 

Greening. 
Centre   .  .  4  Groups  cultivating  4  varieties  of  the 

Pippin. 
Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  cultivating  2  varieties  of  the 

Spitzenberg. 

A  Series  of  9  Groups  breeding  Horses. 

Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  breeding  3  varieties  of  the  Turk- 
ish barb. 

Centre  .  .  4  Groups  breeding  4  varieties  of  the  Ara- 
bian horse. 

Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  breeding  2  varieties  of  the  Blood 
horse. 

In  the  two  last  examples,  the  centre  and 
wings  of  the  Series  are  occupied  with  differ- 
ent species;  it  is  allowable  ia  this  case,  as 
the  species  closely  resemble  each  other,  but 
emulation  would  be  stronger  if  the  Series  Avere 
occupied  Avith  different  varieties  of  the  same 
species — the  pippin  or  greening,  or  the  Ara- 
bian or  blood  horse. 

A  Se7-ies  manufacturing  Hats. 
Asc.  W.  .  2  Groups  manufacturing  2  qualities  of  the 

white  I'ur. 
Centre  .  .  3  Groups  manufacturing  3  qualities  of  the 

black  fur. 
Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  manufacturing  2  qualities  of  the 

black  silk. 

We  will  give  examples  of  two  Series  which 
are  defectively  distributed,  and  between  the 
centre  and  wings  of  which  there  would  be 
very  little  emulation. 

A  Series  of  Pear  Growers. 
Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  occupied  with  hard  pears. 
Centre  .  .  4  Groups  occupied  with  juicy  pears. 
Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  occupied  with  mealy  pears. 

A  Series  of  Apple  Grov)ers. 
Asc.  W.  .  3  Groups  occupied  with  the  bow  apple. 
Centre  .  .  4  Groups  occupied  witli  the  pippin. 
Desc.  W. .  2  Groups  occupied  with  the  lady  apple. 

How  will  the  Series  be  formed  ?  it  will  be 
asked.  By  -voluntary  unions  of  individuals, 
who,  having  a  taste  for  some  occupation,  as- 
sociate for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  it.  Sup- 
pose thirty  persons  in  an  Association  are  fond  ; 
of  the  pears,  and  unite  for  the  purpose  of  cul- 
tivating a  pear  orchard  :  they  would  organize 
themselves  into  a  Series,  divide  into  Groups, 
and  form  the  centre  and  wings ;  the  Groups 
would  then  select  the  different  varieties  of  the 
species  of  pear  which  the  Series  intended  to 


cultivate,  and  each  Group  would  divide  the 
work  which  it  had  to  perform  into  different 
parts,  and  apply  a  sub-group  to  each  part. 
Every  individual  would  choose  the  Group  and 
the  kind  of  work  which  he  preferred.  The 
members  of  the  different  Groups  would  choose 
the  officers  of  the  Series  and  of  their  respec- 
tive Groups,  make  laws  for  their  government, 
and  regulate  their  interests  as  thcv  thougjit 
proper,  and  without  interference  from  any 
:/  quarter. 
^  In  the  Groups  there  will  be  no  Employers 
or  hired  Laborers ;  the  members  v/ill,  as  we 
said,  be  equal  associated  partners,  who  will 
establish  their  own  by-laws  and  regulations, 
elect  their  officers,  and  divide  equitably  the 
product  of  their  labor,  each  receiving  a  "share 
proportioned  to  the  part  he  has  taken  m  cre- 
ating it.  Every  Group  will  be  an  independent 
body,  and  will  be  controlled  by  no  power:  it 
will  receive  with  deference  the'opinions  of  the 
Council  of  Industry,  but  it  will  not  be  obliged 
to  follow  them,  as  it  will  be  considered  Ihc 
most  capable  of  conducting  its  branch  of  In- 
dustry. 

The  system  of  Groups  and  Series  iiill  extend 
Liberty  to  Labor,  from  which  it  is  now  ba- 
nished. There  is  under  the  present  organiza- 
tion of  Industry  as  much  tyranny  in  Labor  as 
there  is  tyranny  in  Politics  under  the  worst  of 
despotisms.  As  proof,  look  at  the  degrading 
servitude  to  which  the  Laboring  Classes  are 
subjected.  They  are  the  hirelings  of  capital- 
ists and  employers,  of  whom  they  must  beg 
the  privilege  of  toiling,  and  whose  wink  or 
word  they  must  obey ;  they  are  ordered  about 
like  beings  without  a  will ;  the  kind  of  work 
they  shall  pursue  is  pointed  out,  without  re- 
gard to  health  or  inclination ;  the  time  they 
shall  devote  to  labor  is  prescribed;  they  are, 
in  many  large  manufactories,  forbidden  to 
speak  to  each  other,  and  are  rung  up  by  a 
bell  in  the  morning  like  animals.  To  add 
humiliation  to  subjection,  they  must  go  on  a 
Saturday  night  and  beg  degradingly  their  pay, 
as  if  the  scanty  stipend  they  received,  was 
more  than  a  requital  for  the  labor  which  they 
had  given.  We  have  here  the  example  of  an 
industrial  bondage  as  intense  and  galling  as 
the  political  bondage  of  the  vilest  despotism ! 
What  a  mockery  to  talk  to  the  Laboring 
Classes  of  the  Liberty  and  Equality  which 
they  enjoy,  when  in  all  their  industrial  pur- 
suits, which  occupy  the  three-fourths  of  their 
time,  the  most  repulsive  tyranny  exists  ! 

This  industrial  bondage,  this  tyranny  in  la- 
bor will  cease  to  exist  in  Association.  In  the 
Groups  and  Series  perfect  Liberty  will  be  se- 
cured ;  the  Workmen  will  be  their  own  mas- 
ters ;  they  will  fix  upon  their  working  hours, 
choose  their  occupations,  divide  the  profits  of 
their  labor,  and  govern  in  every  way  their 
own  affairs.  Thus  Liberty  will  be  extended 
to  Labor — which  is  the  greatest  and  most  im- 
portant conquest  that  the  toiling  millions  can 
now  achieve ! 

Every  person  m  Association  will  belong  to 
several  Groups,  engaged  in  some  pursuits  at 
one  season  of  the  vear,  and  in  others  at  ano- 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


47 


ther ;  occupations  will  also  be  varied  during 
the  day.  Tiiis  change  and  variety  of  pursuits, 
and  their  prosecution  with  agreeable  compa* 
nions,  will  prevent  the  monotony  and  disgust  of 
prolonged  and  solitary  Labor — will  exercise 
all  parts  of  the  body,  develope  all  the  faculties 
of  the  mind,  and  lead  every  individual  to  form 
ties  of  friendship  with  a  large  number  of  per- 
sons. If,  however,  any  person,  enga^^ed  in 
some  special  occupation  which  from  its  na- 
ture required  the  attention  of  a  smgle  indivi- 
dual and  not  of  a  G-roup,  wished  to  continue 
his  labors  longer,  he  would  be  perfectly  free 
to  do  so ;  no  unnatural  constraint,  no  arbitrary 
laws  will  exist  in  Association,  and  all  the  rules 
laid  down  for  the  regulation  of  labor  must  be 
perfectly  in  accordance  with  the  requirements 
of  human  nature. 

It  will  be  objected  that  if  an  individual  takes 
part  in  so  many  branches  of  Industry,  he  will 
become  perfect  in  none ;  this  difficulty  will  be 
entirely  obviated  by  the  minute  division  of  la- 
bor which  will  take  place,  and  by  assigning 
to  each  individual  of  a  Group  the  perform- 
ance of  a  detail  of  the  work  with  which  it  is 
engaged.  In  a  Group  of  fruit-growers,  for 
example,  a  person  will  attend  to  the  grafting; 
now  an  intelligent  person  can  learn  to  graft  as 
well  in  a  few  days  as  in  a  life-time,  and  his 
knowledge  in  this  branch  will  enable  him  to 
belong  to  several  Series  of  horticulturists. 
Thus,  while  changes  of  scene  and  company 
would  prevent  monotony  and  apathy,  the  same 
detail  of  a  work  would  be  performed.  A  skil- 
ful turner  could  belong  to  Groups  of  chair- 
makers,  table-makers  and  musical  instrument- 
makers,  without  varying  materially  the  nature 
of  his  work ;  a  person  skilled  in  working  in 
leather  could  belong  to  the  Series  of  saddlers, 
glove-makers  and  shoe-makers,  and  the  part 
in  which  he  excelled,  might  be  performed  in 
each  of  these  branches  of  Industry. 

The  great  majority  of  agricultural  and  me- 
chanical occupations  are  not  difficult  to  learn, 
and  in  addition,  as  children  would  receive 
in  Association  the  most  complete  practical  or 
industrial  Education — commencing  as  early  as 
the  age  of  four  and  five  years — they  would  ac- 
quire with  perfect  ease  a  thorough  knowledge 
of,  and  great  dexterity  and  skill  in  various 
branches  of  Industry,  or  at  least  in  a  detail 
of  several  branches.'  There  is  not  a  gardener 
or  a  mechanic  that  does  not  execute  at  present 
twenty  different  kinds  of  work,  and  yet  no 
system  of  industrial  education  exists  in  society, 
and  no  strong  incentives  are  put  in  play  to 
induce  the  acquisition  of  superior  industrial 
skill  and  varied  scientific  acquirements. 

It  may,  perhaps,  be  supposed  that  when  a 
Group  has  terminated  its  work,  and  left  its 
workshop  for  the  day,  another  Group  will 
^ome  in  and  continue  the  occupation  in  which 
it  was  engaged  with  the  same  tools.  In  some 
occupations  this  may  be  the  case,  when  the 
tools  or  machinery  are  of  that  character  that 
no  injury  can  be  sustained  from  being  used  or 
managed  by  different  persons,  as  in  ploughing, 
milling,  etc.,  when  one  Group  will  merely  re- 
lieve another ;  but  in  general  when  the  tools 


and  work  (!ome  more  directly  under  the  su- 
pervision (  f  the  individual,  it  will  not  be  the 
case ;  if  fcr  example  a  Group  of  carpenters 
quits  its  work  at  1 2  o'clock,  another  Group  of 
carpenters  will  not  come  in  and  take  up  the 
same  work  and  use  its  tools ; — the  work  and 
tools  will  remain  as  left  until  the  same  Group 
returns  to,  and  resumes  its  occupations.  But, 
it  may  be  said :  here  are  tools  and  perhaps  a 
room  lying  idle — what  a  loss!  They  who 
raise  this  objection,  could  as  well  object  to  a 
person  having  books  and  paintings  in  his  pri- 
vate apartments,  because  they  could  not  be 
seen  and  used  by  all.  An  economy  of  this 
kind  would  not  be  true  economy,  but  stinting  ' 
parsimony,  which  Association  should  avoid. 

Suppose,  it  will  be  asked,  there  are  some 
lazy  persons  in  a  Group,  who,  although  they 
attend  regularly  its  meetings,  avoid  work  as 
much  as  possible :  what  will  be  done  in  such 
a  case  ?  They  will  be  informed  by  the  Se- 
cretary of  the  Group  that  it  wishes  no  mem- 
bers who  do  not  take  a  strong  interest  in  its 
branch  of  Industry,  and  feel  a  pride  in  its 
success,  its  prosperity  and  the  superiority  of 
its  products,  and  they  would  in  consequence 
be  invited  to  withdraw.  Numerous  other  oc- 
cupations, more  suited  to  their  tastes  and 
attractions,  and  which  would  awaken  their 
interest  and  call  out  their  energies,  would  be 
open  to  them ;  besides,  no  one  in  Association 
will  join  a  Group  without  a  decided  taste  and 
attraction  for  its  pursuits. 

There  is  another  regulation  which  we  will 
mention.  When  persons  apply  to  a  Series  foi 
admission  as  members,  they  are  received  at 
first,  if  they  are  ignorant  of  its  branch  of  In- 
dustry, as  candidates  for  admission — as  learn- 
ers or  apprentices,  and  they  must  go  through 
a  term  of  initiation  or  apprenticeship.  This 
apprenticeship  will  be  longer  or  shorter  ac- 
cording as  the  work  is  more  or  less  difficult ; 
it  would  be  longer,  for  example,  in  a  Series 
of  watchmakers  than  in  a  Series  of  fruit- 
growers, because  the  former  is  a  branch  of 
industry  more  difficult  to  learn  than  the  latter. 
Persons  during  their  initiation  will  not  receive 
full  pay,  but  only  a  part  of  the  share  allotted 
to  Labor,  and  nothing  of  the  share  allotted  to 
Skiff.  They  will  first  receive  an  eighth,  then 
a  quarter,  and  so  on  as  they  advance  and 
their  labor  becomes  productive.  This  will  be 
no  more  than  just,  as  their  labor  during  their 
apprenticeship  can  be  but  slightly  productive. 
Every  person  in  Association  will  be  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  time  he  works,  and  the  skill 
with  which  he  works — or  in  other  words, 
according  to  the  Quantity  and  Quality  of  his 
work.  This  will  be  strict  Justice — of  which 
no  one  can  complain. 

It  may  be  estimated  that  the  seven-eighths 
of  occupations  in  Association  will  be  perform- 
ed by  Groups,  and  one-eighth  by  Individuals 
working  isolatedly.  Many  branches  of  the 
Fine  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  some  delicate 
kinds  of  mechanical  work,  will  be  attended 
to  by  Individuals.  Painters,  musical  Com- 
posers and  Poets,  will  work  probably  alone  at 
their  compositions,  devoting  whatever  time 


48 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


they  wish  to  them ;  but  even  ia  the  Arts  and 
Sciences,  the  Groups  can  be  quite  extensively 
applied:  Chemistry,  Astronomy,  Medicine, 
and  all  Sciences  which  require  continued  re- 
search and  experiments,  could  be  prosecuted 
far  more  successfully  by  Groups  than  by  iso- 
lated individuals.  Some  departments  of  lite- 
rary labor,  such  as  the  composition  of  dic- 
tionaries, encyclopedias,  etc.,  would  be  per- 
formed by  Groups;  even  in  painting,  they 
could  be  applied  to  a  considerable  extent; 
as  a  proof  we  know  that  Raphael  had  his 
works  laid  in  by  his  pupils,  and  parts  of  his 
pictures,  such  as  architecture,  musical  instru- 
ments and  other  accessories,  were  often  exe- 
cuted by  other  artists. 

If  an  individual  were  engaged  in  some  iso- 
lated occupation,  he  would  not  be  prevented 
from  taking  part  in  different  Series.  An  Ar- 
tist, for  example,  will  rarely  wish  to  be  occu- 
pied with  his  Art  more  than  six  hours  a  day, 
particularly  if  he  is  enthusiastically  devoted 
to  it,  and  applies  himself  with  ardor;  he  will 
have  an  abundance  of  leisure,  and,  when  not 
engaged  in  his  favorite  occupation,  he  can 
Take  part  in  the  active  pursuits  of  Industry. 
The  refreshing  exercise  of  the  body  will 
give  him  vigor  and  health,  so  necessary  to 
strengthen  the  intellect  and  give  brilliancy  to 
the  imagination ;  and  in  the  lovely  scenes  of 
nature  he  will  find  types  of  Harmony  and 
Beauty,  infinite  in  variety  and  number,  which 
to  the  poet  and  the  painter  are  endless  sources 
of  inspiration.  A  landscape  painter,  for  exam- 
ple, belonging  to  some  of  the  Agricultural 
Series,  will  have  constant  opportunity  to  study 
the  forms,  colors  and  characters  of  the  trees, 
plants  and  flowers,  and  all  the  incidents  of  the 
landscape ;  he  will  have  living  Nature  before 
him  for  a  teacher,  and  when  he  returns  to  the 
canvass,  his  mind  will  be  filled  with  true 
images,  and  refreshed  by  the  loveliness  of  the 
scenes  with  which  he  has  mingled. 

In  an  Association  admission  to  the  Series 
will  be  open  to  all  the  members  without  ex- 
ception. The  only  condition  that  will  be  re- 
quired is,  that  the  applicant  shall  possess 
capacity  and  an  inclination  for  the  branch  of 
Industry  with  which  the  Series,  to  which  he 
or  she  applies  for  admission,  is  engaged ;  this 
is  necessary  to  the  success,  reputation  and 
prosperity  of  the  Series :  it  could  not  admit 
lukewarm  members  or  persons  incapable  from 
accident  or  other  causes,  but  this  will  be  a 
rare  exception.  Admission  to  the  Series  being 
guarantied,  as  a  general  rule,  to  every  indivi- 
dual, it  follows  that  constant  Occupation  and 
a  choice  of  Pursuits  will  be  extended  to  all. 
Association  will  thus  secure  to  Man  his  pri- 
mary and  most  important  Right — the  Right 
OF  Labor  or  Constant  Employment — which 
in  the  present  system  of  Society  he  does  not 
possess. 

Politicians  and  Statesmen,  in  their  contro- 
versies about  the  Rights  of  Man,  have  over- 
looked entirely  his  two  fundamental  and  pri- 
mary Rights,  without  which  all  the  others 
avail  him  almost  nothing.     They  are : 

1st.  The  Right  of  the  Child  to  the  best  in- 


dustrial and  scientific  Education  that  Society 
can  give. 

2d.  The  Right  of  Man  to  Labor  or  constant 
Employment. 

Man  was  placed  upon  the  earth  to  live,  and 
to  develope  the  high  moral  and  intellectual 
Powers— the  rich  and  varied  Faculties  and 
Talents  with  which  he  is  endowed— for  his 
individual  happiness  and  that  of  the  Race, 
and  to  make  the  earth  a  scene  of  a  high  and 
exalted  spiritual  Life.  Now  Education  and 
Labor  are  the  means  by  which  these  great 
ends  are  attained  ;  they  are  the  means  of  Ex- 
istence and  intellectual  Development,  and  if 
the  Right  to  them  be  not  secured  to  Man,  he 
grows  up  an  ignorant  and  undeveloped  bein^, 
without  any  guarantee  against  poverty,  pri- 
vation and  wretchedness. 

TABtE  or  THE  Natural  Rights  of  Man, 

1.  Right  of  collecting  and  gathering  fruits  and 
other  products  of  Nature. 

2.  Right  of  Pasturage. 

3.  Right  of  Fishing. 

4.  Right  of  Hunting. 

5.  Internal  Federation. 

6.  Freedom  from  Anxiety. 

7.  External  Appropriation  (of  objects  out  of  th*; 
horde  or  clan). 

C  Minimum,  or  ample  sufficiency 
Pivotal  Rights.  }      of  food,  lodging,  clothing,  etc. 
(  Liberty. 

These  Rights,  except  the  Minimum,  are 
possessed  by  Man  in  the  savage  State :  a  true 
Social  Order  should  secure  him  at  least  the 
equivalent  of  them — which  Civilized  Society 
does  nor  can  not. 

As  we  are  engaged  in  general  and  cursory 
remarks  upon  the  Series,  we  will  touch  ver\' 
briefly  upon  the  question  of  a  division  of  prey- 
fits,  reserving  a  more  complete  explanaticHi 
for  another  place. 

Suppose  the  labor  of  a  Group  is  estimated 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  general  set- 
tlement takes  place,  to  be  worth  $6000.  This 
sum  will  be  divided  into  three  unequal  parts, 
as  follows: 

Three-twelfths,  or  $1500,  will  be  appro- 
priated to  the  payment  of  the  interest  upon 
the  Stock  of  the  Association.  The  Members 
of  the  Group  will  receive  as  laborers  no  part 
of  this  sura.  (They  may,  however,  as  stock- 
holders.) We  will  remark  that  the  Associa- 
tion for  this  $1500  furnishes  the  Group  with 
land,  teams,  implements  and  everything  ne- 
cessary to  the  prosecution  of  its  branch  of 
Industry. 

Seven-twelfths,  or  $3500,  will  be  paid  to 
manual  Labor. 

Two-twelfths,  or  $1 000,  to  practical  and 
theoretical  Skill  or  Talent. 

Thus  the  members  of  the  Group  will  re* 
ceive  nine-twelfths  of  the  whole  amount,  or 
.^4500.  The  $1000,  or  two-twelfths,  will  be  di- 
vided among  the  Officers  of  the  Group  and  the 
most  experienced  and  skilful  Members,  who, 
by  their  knowledge,  render  the  Labor  of  the 
Group  much  more  productive  than  it  would 
be,  if  it  were  not  directed  by  superior  Skill. 

The  $3500  allotted  to  manual  Labor,  will 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


<9 


be  divided  among  all  the  Members,  the  Offi- 
cers as  well  as  the  others,  according  to  the 
lime  they  have  worked.  If  a  member  has 
been  absent  six  mouths,  or  one-half  the  work- 
ing time  of  his  Group,  he  will  receive  but 
one-half  of  a  full  share ;  if  three  months  or  one 
quarter  of  the  time  he  will  receive  but  one 
quarter  of  a  share.  The  Secretary  of  the 
G-roup  will  keep  a  book  and  mark  the  absence 
of  any  member  at  the  meetings ;  if  a  person 
misses  even  a  day,  it  will  be  noted,  and  at  the 
yearly  settlement  a  proportionate  deduction 
will  be  made.  Thus  every  one  will  be  paid 
according  to  his  Labor — according  to  his  Skill 
— and  according  to  the  amount  of  Capital  in- 
vested in  the  stock  of  the  Association. 


THREE   CONDITIONS  TO   BE   FULFILLED   IN  THE 
ORGANIZATION  OF   THE   SERIES. 

In  the  formation  and  distribution  of  Series, 
the  three  following  conditions  must  be  strictly 
observ-^ed : 

1st.  Compact  scale  among  Groups. 

2d.  Short  duration  of  occupations. 

3d.  Parcelled  exercise  in  occupations  and 
functions. 

We  will  first  examine  the  third  condition, 
which  consists  in  dividing  each  branch  of 
work  or  industry  into  as  many  parts  or  divi- 
sions, as  it  will  admit  of.  A  Sub-group  is 
applied  to  each  division  of  the  work,  or  to 
each  of  its  minor  functions.  Let  us  take  as 
an  example  the  cultivation  of  a  fruit,  vege- 
table or  flower;  it  will  answer  as  a  model  for 
other  occupations. 

The  Group  cultivating  it  has  a  diversity  of 
functions  to  perform,  which  we  will  divide 
into  three  categories. 

Tillage:  to  dig,  hoe,  manure  and  water 
the  earth,  are  so  many  different  functions, 
with  each  of  which  some  members  are  occu- 
pied, but  not  the  entire  Group,  as  a  portion 
of  the  individuals  composing  it  would  have 
no  taste  for  the  exercise  of  all  these  functions. 

Moveables  and  Utensils :  care  of  tools  and 
implements,  arrangement  and  setting  of  awn- 
ings, care  of  the  pavilion  and  the  working 
dresses,  which  are  deposited  in  it.  (Each 
Series  has  a  pavilion  near  the  grounds  it  cul- 
tivates.) 

Gathering  and  Reproduction:  gathering 
and  care  of  the  fruits,  vegetables  or  flowers, 
collecting  and  preserving  of  seed,  classifica- 
tion and  labelling  of  varieties. 

Accessory  Function :  providing  refreshments 
and  other  minutise.  Here  are  at  least  a  dozen 
distinct  functions.  No  member  would  wish 
to  attend  to  them  all ;  he  will  only  choose  one 
or  two,  or  three  at  the  most :  it  will  be  neces- 
sary consequently  to  form  a  dozen  Sub-groups, 
devoted  to  each  of  these  different  occupations. 
As  Attractive  Industry  requires  a  minute  di- 
Tision  of  labor — being  always  parcelled  and 
never  integral— we  should  be  certain  of  fa- 
tiguing and  disgusting  the  members,  if  each 
gf  them  had  to  attend  to,  and  oversee  the 


whole  of  these  different  functions ;  but  the 
Group,  if  composed  of  only  twelve  persons, 
could  easily  form  several  sub-groups,  each 
consisting  of  three,  four  or  five  individuals, 
with  an  inclination  for  one  or  more  branches 
of  the  work.  (The  same  individual  may  take 
a  part  in  several  Sub-groups,  occupied  conse- 
cutively.) 

Let  us  examine  how  this  Parcelled  Exercise, 
or  minute  division  of  Labor,  will  excite  love 
and  enthusiasm  for  Industry,  and  give  perfec- 
tion to  all  branches  of  work. 

Each  one  of  the  Sub-groups  will  be  ani- 
mated by  a  strong  passion  for  the  parcel  or 
branch  of  Industry,  which  it  has  chosen,  and 
will  develope  in  its  exercise  the  dexterity  and 
intelligence  which  a  favorite  and  attractive 
occupation  always  calls  forth.  The  conse- 
quence is,  that  each  of  the  Sub-groups  will 
depend  upon  the  others  giving  to  their  branches 
the  greatest  degree  of  perfection ;  each  will 
say  to  the  others:  "We  will  take  the  great- 
est possible  care  of  the  part  or  parcel  which 
we  have  chosen ;  take  the  same  care  of  yours, 
and  the  whole  will  be  perfect." 

The  greater  the  extension  which  is  given  to 
this  Parcelled  Exercise,  applying  each  indivi- 
dual to  functions  which  he  prefers  and  in 
which  he  excels,  the  greater  will  be  the  con- 
fidence, charm  and  friendship,  which  will 
animate  the  Group. 

Why  is  labor  such  a  task  in  civilized  So^ 
ciety,  even  in  case  it  is  naturally  attractive  I 
It  is  because  the  master  or  principal  is  obliged 
to  oversee  every  part  of  the  work.  This  is  a 
common  complaint  of  florists  forced  to  em-- 
ploy,  for  the  laborious  part  of  the  work,  hired 
hands,  who  neglect  or  pilfer  the  seed  and 
roots,  if  the  care  of  planting  and  gathering  is 
confided  to  them,  and  who,  so  far  from  taking 
any  interest  in  the  work,  drag  it  along  slowly 
so  as  to  be  occupied  a  few  days  more.  Thus 
it  happens  that  a  man,  who  wishes  to  culti- 
vate fruit  or  flowers,  becomes  disgusted ;  be 
is  aided  awkwardly  even  by  those  hired  per- 
sons who  are  well  disposed ;  his  agricultural 
pursuits  become  for  him  a  source  of  care  and 
vexation,  besides  involving  the  risk  of  thefts. 
There  is  an  instance  of  a  man  who  died  oi' 
despair,  because  all  the  fruit  of  a  garden, 
which  he  had  cultivated  himself,  was  stolen 
in  one  night,  just  as  it  was  ripening. 

Compare  with  the  disgusts  of  this  system 
of  frauds,  which  forms  a  part  of  civilized  So- 
ciety, the  pleasures  of  Industrjr  exercised  in 
parcels  and  with  friendly  associates,  in  an  or- 
der of  things  where  theifts  and  frauds  are  im- 
possible ;  compare  with  the  vexatious  condi- 
tion of  a  civilized  agriculturist,  the  pleasures 
and  satisfaction  of  the  several  Sub-groups, 
each  of  which,  sure  to  excel  in  its  favorite 
branch,  depends  upon  the  others  to  give  to 
their  parts  or  parcels  respectively  that  degree 
of  perfection  to  which  it  carries  its  own;  and 
decide  after  that,  whether  civilized  Industry 
is  compatible  with  the  nature  of  man,  who 
complains  with  reason  that  it  is  an  abyss  of 
deception,  anxiety  and  misfortune. 

This  system  of  Parcelled  Exercise  will  be  a 


50 


GROUPS  AND  SERIES. 


source  of  ^eat  perfection  and  elegance  in  In- 
dustry. Each  of  the  Sub-groups  will  strive  to 
prove  to  the  others  that  it  is  a  worthy  co- 
operator,  and  they  will  vie  with  each  other 
in  giving  the  greatest  neatness  and  elegance 
to  everything  connected  with  their  branches 
of  work — to  the  tools,  implements,  awnings, 
Avorking  dresses  or  uniforms  of  Industry,  to 
the  workshops,  stables,  etc. ;  hence  Avill  arise 
individual  contributions  among  all  the  richer 
members  of  Groups  for  the  purpose  of  em- 
bellishing and  beautifying  all  branches  of  In- 
dustrj^  and  of  communicating  to  its  exercise 
a  refinement  and  charm  that  will  excite  a 
strong  enthusiasm  for  it.  [We  see  some  ex- 
amples of  this  corporate  Spirit — this  love  of 
corporate  elegance  in  Armies,  Fire  Compa- 
nies and  Boat  Clubs;  it  will  be  universal  in 
the  Groups  and  Series  in  Association,  and  will 
induce  the  wealthy  to  take  as  much  pride  in 
ornamenting  and  decorating  their  branches  of 
Industry  as  they  now  do  in  decorating  their 
residences.  The  love  of  elegance  and  display 
will  become  corporate  in  the  Combined  Or- 
der, whereas  at  present  it  is  exclusively  per- 
sonal or  individual^] 

Parcelled  Exercise  will  connect  with  Indus- 
try a  double  charm : — it  will,  first,  charm  the 
Senses  by  the  elegance  and  display  which  it 
will  give  to  all  branches  of  work;  and,  se- 
cond, charm  the  Mind  by  the  enthusiasm 
which  it  will  excite  in  each  Sub-group,  de- 
lighted to  be  able  to  pursue  its  favorite  branch 
of  work  or  function,  with  the  certainty  that 
the  others  will  be  exercised  by  intelligent  col- 
leagues. 

With  the  aid  of  Parcelled  Exercise,  or  a 
minute  division  of  Labor,  we  shall  see  a  ma- 
jority of  women  have  a  taste  for  domestic 
occupations,  for  Avhich  they  feel  at  present  a 
repugnance.  A  Avoman  who  does  not  like  the 
care  of  children,  Avill  take  part  in  a  Group 
devoted  to  some  branch  of  seAving ;  another 
who  detests  cooking,  may  have  a  taste  for 
the  preparation  of  SAveet-meats ;  she  will  join 
the  Group  occupied  Avith  this  department,  in 
which  she  may  excel  and  become  the  pre- 
siding officer,  having  nothing  to  do  with  other 
branches  of  kitchen  occupations.  Women,  in 
their  household  work,  now  meet  only  with 
trouble  and  vexation ;  and  men,  in  their  busi- 
ness, Avith  frauds  and  disgust.  No  Avonder 
that  all  have  an  aversion  for  occupations, 
which  it  is  their  natural  destiny  to  fulfil. 

COMPACT   SCALE  AMONG   GROUPS. 

The  principal  effect  of  the  Compact  Scale 
in  the  mechanism  of  the  Series,  is  to  excite 
emulative  rivalry  between  Groups,  cultivating 
species  near  enough  alike  to  excite  hesitation 
and  indecision  in  the  opinion  of  judges  as  to 
superior  excellence,  and  admit  of  active  efforts 
on  the  part  of  Groups  for  superiority. 

We  will  not  see  three  Groups  cultivating 
three  varieties  of  a  species  of  pear  or  other 
fruit  agree ;  these  Groups,  devoted  to  similar 
varieties,  are  rivals,  who  differ  in  taste  and 
in  their  pretensions.  This  emulative  rivalry 
wiU  always  aoimate  Groups  occupied  with 


varieties  or  kinds  very  nearly  alike  in  the  ani- 
mal, vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms;  the 
Compact  Scale  with  the  emulation  it  pro- 
duces, must  be  extended  to  all  occupations 
of  Science,  Fine  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  in 
fact  to  all  our  relations. 

These  emulative  ri\'alries  cannot  take  place 
betAveen  Groups  occupied  Avith  distinct  varie- 
ties— between  Groups,  for  example,  culti- 
vating the  pippin  and  the  bow  apple.  There 
exists  betAveen  these  two  kinds  of  apples  too 
great  a  difference  to  cause  any  hesitation  on 
the  part  of  judges ;  they  would  say  that  both 
Avere  good,  but  not  near  enough  alike  to  ad- 
mit of  comparison ;  consequently,  emulation 
and  corporate  spirit  Avill  not  be  aroused  be- 
tween the  two  Groups  engaged  in  their  culti- 
A-'ation. 

It  is  necessary  in  all  Series,  therefore,  Avhat- 
ever  may  be  their  occupations,  to  form  a  scale 
of  functions,  contiguous  in  shades  or  varieties; 
this  constitutes  the  Compact  Scale,  or  Scale 
of  closely  compared  varieties. 

This  is  a  sure  means  of  giving  an  active 
development  to  the  passion  of  Emulation — of 
carrying  all  products  to  a  high  degree  of  per- 
fection— of  exciting  an  extreme  ardor  in  all 
branches  of  Avork,  end  a  great  intimacy  among 
the  members  of  each  Group. 

SHORT   OCCtJPATIONS. 

We  examine  this  condition  last,  because  it 
is  the  means  of  sustaining  the  other  two. 
Without  a  frequent  change  of  occupations,  it 
would  be  impossible  to  keep  alive  the  enthu- 
siasm and  emulation  Avhich  arise  from  a 
Parcelled  Exercise  in  Industry,  and  from  Com- 
pactness of  Scale.  It  prevents  satiety  and 
monotony,  and  varies  occupations  before  their 
continuance  produces  slackness  and  disgust. 

Short  occupations  of  an  hour  and  a  half  or 
two  hours  at  the  most,  would  enable  every 
individual  to  take  part  in  several  occupations 
during  the  course  of  the  day,  and  vary  them 
by  joining  other  Groups  the  day  folloAving. 
This  method  is  the  desire  of  a  poAverful  pas- 
sion implanted  in  man,  Avhich  impels  him  to 
Variety  and  Change,  and  to  the  avoiding  of 
excesses — a  defect  Avhich  is  constantly  atten- 
dant upon  all  occupations  in  civilized  Society. 
A  labor  is  noAV  prolonged  for  six  hours,  a  ban- 
quet for  six  hours,  a  ball  during  the  entire 
night,  at  the  expense  of  sleep  and  health. 

We  insist  upon  the  importance  of  change 
and  the  necessity  of  short  and  varied  occupa- 
tions. This  principle  ccmdemns  entirely  the 
present  system  of  Industry :  let  us  examine 
its  effects  in  a  material  and  an  intellectual  or 
passional  point  of  view. 

Materially  Short  Occupations  produce  an 
equilibrium  of  health,  which  is  necessarily  in- 
jured if  a  man  devotes  himself  for  twelve 
hours  to  a  uniform  labor,  such  as  weaving, 
sewing  or  writing,  or  any  other  which  does 
not  exercise  successively  all  the  parts  of  the 
body,  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.  In  case 
of  a  continued  application  to  one  occupation, 
active  labor,  like  that  of  agriculture,  is  inju- 
rious as  well  as  sedentary  labor,  such  as  of* 


BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY  TO  BE  PROSECXTTED. 


51 


fice  duties;  one  overburthens  the  members 
and  viscera,  and  the  other  vitiates  the  solids 
and  fluids. 

The  derans^ement  is  increased  if  this  ac- 
tive or  sedentary  labor  be  continued  ibr  en- 
tire months  and  years.  We  see  in  many 
countries  an  eifjhth  of  the  laboring  popu- 
lation afiected  with  hernia,  besides  fevers, 
produced  from  excess  of  labor  and  bad  food. 
Divers  kinds  of  manufactures,  like  chemicals, 
glass,  steel  and  even  cloths,  cause  the  death 
of  the  laborer,  simply  from  their  protracted 
exercise.  He  would  be  exempt  from  danger, 
if  the  condition  of  Short  Occupations  were 
applied  to  those  branches,  and  if  they  were 
carried  on  for  two  hours  at  a  time,  and  only 
two  or  three  times  a  week. 

The  rich  classes,  for  want  of  this  diversity 
of  occupations,  fall  into  other  diseases,  like 
apoplexy  and  the  gout,  which  are  unknown 
to  the  poor  laborer.  Obesity  or  excess  of 
flesh,  so  common  among  the  rich,  denotes  a 
radical  vice  in  the  equilibrium  of  health — a 
system  contrary  to  nature  in  occupations  as 
well  as  in  pleasures.  The  health  of  man  is 
promoted  by  this  perpetual  variety  of  functions 
which,  exercising  successively  all  parts  of  the 
body,  all  faculties  of  the  mind,  maintains  ac- 
tivity and  equilibrium. 

Intellectually,  Short  Occupations  pro- 
mote the  accord  of  characters  which  are  na- 
turally antipathetic:  for  example,  A  and  B 
are  two  persons  of  incompatible  tastes,  but  it 
happens  that  among  a  large  number  of  Groups 
which  A  frequents,  there  are  a  third  in  which 
his  interests  coincide  with  those  of  B,  and  in 
which  the  tastes  of  B,  although  opposed  to 
his,  are  of  advantage  to  him.  The  same  is 
the  case  with  the  tastes  of  B  as  respects  A. 
Consequently,  without  friendship  existing  be- 
tween them,  they  are  courteous  to  and  esteem 
each  other. 

Thus  interest,  which  separates  friends  at 
present,  will  unite  even  enemies  in  the  Com- 
bined Order;  it  conciliates  antipathetic  cha- 
racters by  indirect  co-operation,  which  arises 
from  connections  and  changes  of  functions, 
produced  by  short  occupations. 

It  is  with  the  aid  of  a  Passion  in  Man 
which  has  been  most  condemned — the  love 
of  change — that  we  shall  solve  those  problems 
which  have  so  long  bafl[led  human  wisdom. 
What  an  error  has  been  committed  in  not 
going  into  a  calculation  of  the  importance  of 
Short  Occupations  in  Industry  and  all  other 
pursuits,  and  the  results  which  they  would 
produce !  We  must  be  blind  to  Nature  and 
to  palpable  evidence  to  deny  this  want  of 
change  and  variety,  which  we  see  so  essential 
even  in  material  matters.  Any  enjoyment 
which  is  continued  for  too  long  a  time,  be- 
comes an  abuse,  blunts  the  senses  and  destroys 
its  pleasure ;  a  repast  continued  for  hours  will 
not  be  terminated  without  excesses ;  an  opera 
of  four  hours  duration  will  end  by  becoming 
insipid  to  the  hearer.  Periodical  variety  is  a 
want  of  the  soul  as  well  as  of  the  body. — 
Extract  from  Fourier's  work—^''  The  Neio  In- 
dustrial World. ^^ 


BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY  TO  BE 
PROSECUTED. 


The  only  real  Wealth  is  Labor  :  everything  elM 
is  but  the  siqrn  or  abuse  of  it. 

Lemontey. 

In  an  Association  of  four  or  five  hundred 
persons,  fifty  Series,  engaged  in  as  many 
branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  could 
be  established,  and  this  is  the  smallest  num- 
ber of  Series  with  which  an  Association  caqi 
be  properly  organized.  With  fifty  Series  the 
choice  of  a  variety  of  pursuits  can  be  offered 
to  all — occupations  can  be  frequently  varied, 
employment  at  all  seasons  secured,  and  the 
industrial  tastes,  inclinations  and  capacities 
sufficiently  satisfied  to  produce  social  Con- 
cord and  Harmony. 

With  eighteen  hundred  persons,  four  hun- 
dred Series  can  be  organized,  and  with  this 
number  all  varieties  of  tastes  and  inclinations, 
and  all  shades  of  talent  and  genius  can  be  sa- 
tisfied, and  the  broadest  field  of  action  thrown 
open  to  human  activity.  It  may  appear  strange 
that  with  eighteen  hundred  persons,  we  caa 
organize  four  hundred  Series,  while  with  four 
hundred  persons  we  can  organize  but  fifty: 
the  reason  is,  because  as  we  increase  in  nura^ 
hers  we  increase  in  combinations.  We  have 
far  more  combinations  with  the  number  8 
than  with  the  number  4,  although  the  former 
is  only  double  the  latter. 

An  Association  is  a  Phalanx  or  a  Series  of 
Series,  as  a  piano-forte  is  a  Series  of  octaves; 
and  we  can  no  more  have  social  Harmony  with- 
out a  sufficient  number  of  Series,  than  we  can 
have  musical  Harmony  without  a  sufficient 
number  of  octaves.  The  Science  of  Associa- 
tion consists  in  forming,  organizing  and  deve- 
loping with  accord  and  order  a  Phalanx  of 
Series,  and  of  applying  them  to  the  following 
seven  fundamental  branches  of  human  Acti- 
vity : — J  St.  Domestic  Occupations ;  2d.  Agri- 
culture; 3d.  Manufactures;  4th.  Commerce; 
5th.  Education ;  6th.  Study  and  application  of 
the  Sciences ;  7th.  Study  and  application  of 
the  Fine  Arts. 

To  organize  fifty  Series,  four  hundred  per- 
sons, as  we  said,  are  necessary,  and  this  is  the 
reason  why  four  hundred  is  the  smallest  num- 
ber with  which  an  Association  can  be  rightly 
organized,  and  Social  Harmony  and  Unity  at- 
tained. An  Association,  in  which  the  Groups 
and  Series  are  not  introduced,  cannot  properly 
be  called  an  Association ;  it  is  an  aggregation 
of  individuals  without  organization.  Hence 
the  establishments  founded  by  the  Shakers, 
Rappites,  O  wenites,  etc.,  do  not  merit  properly 
the  name  of  Associations. 

We  will  now  proceed  to  enumerate  the 
branches  of  Industry  which  we  would  recom- 
mend for  a  small  Association  in  which  fifty 
Series  are  organized.  Location  and  climate 
will,  of  course,  require  various  modifications. 

Manufactures  and  mechanics  should  not 
occupy  more  than  a  third  or  quarter  of  the 
time  of  the  members.  "  Nature,"  says  Fou- 
rier, "  has  given  to  man  a  degree  of  attraction 


52 


BRANCHES   OF   INDUSTRY  TO  BE   PROSECTTTED. 


for  manufacturing  labor,  which  corresponds  to 
a  quarter  of  the  time  that  he  should  devote  to 
Industry."  If  the  founders  of  an  Association 
were  to  make  manufactures  the  principal  oc- 
cupation, they  would  fail  in  rendering'  Industry 
Attractive,  and  would  ruin  their  enterprise. 
In  establishing  the  first  Association  great  care 
must  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  manufac- 
tures to  choose  those  which  are  the  most  at- 
tractive, and  they  must  be  diversified  in  cha- 
racter, so  as  to  be  suited  to  different  ages  and 
both  sexes. 

We  may  estimate  that  there  should  be  in 
an  Association  of  fifty  Series,  about — 

8  Series  devoted  to  the  care  of  Animals. 
22  Series  to  Agriculture. 
10  Series  to  Manufactures  and  Mechanics. 

4  Series  to  Art,  Science  and  Education. 

6  Series  to  Household  or  Domestic  Labor. 

Series  engaged  in  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

1  Series  with  horses. 

1      "        "     horned  cattle. 

1  "        "     hogs. 

2  "        "     poultry. 
1      "        "     doves. 

1  "  "  fish  in  streams,  ponds  and  re- 
servoirs. 

1  Series  with  singing  birds  and  birds  of 
beautiful  plumage. 

The  raising  of  singing  birds  in  large  and 
elegant  cages,  spacious  enough  to  contain 
bushes  and  shrubbery,  would  furnish  a  pleas- 
mg  and  attractive  occupation,  suitable  for  all 
ages,  and  valuable  as  a  school  of  ornithology 
ioi  children. 

Scries  engaged  in  the  VegetaUe  Kiiigdom. 

The  vegetable  Kingdom  furnishes  species 
and  varieties  of  species  of  fruits,  flowers  and 
vegetables  in  great  abundance;  the  number 
of  agricultural  Series  which  we  have  pointed 
out  is  very  small,  and  should  if  possible  be 
increased.  The  Green-houses  will  require  at 
least  two  Series.  We  will  lay  down  a  few 
general  instructions  without  entering  into  an 
enumeration  of  the  particular  species  which 
might  be  cultivated. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  cultivate  as  many 
varieties  as  possible  of  each  species  of  vegeta- 
ble, rather  than  different  species.  Instead,  fcfr 
example,  of  cultivating  two  varieties  of  the 
sugar  pear,  three  varieties  of  the  bergamot, 
and  two  varieties  of  the  winter  pear,  the  pro- 
per course  would  be  to  cultivate  seven  varie- 
ties of  the  bergamot  alone,  or  of  that  species 
which  thrives  best  upon  the  lands  of  the  As- 
sociation. 

The  Association  should  raise  large  quanti- 
ties of  fruit,  for  its  cultivation  is  both  attrac- 
tive and  profitable,  and  adapted  to  the  labor 
of  men,  women  and  children ;  the  preserving 
of  it  will  also  furnish  an  extremely  pleasing 
and  lucrative  occupation  for  the  Series  of  con- 
fectioners. 

The  peach,  the  pear,  the  apple  and  the 
larger  fruits  generally,  would  occupy  the  at- 
teation  principally  of  grown  persons  of  both 


sexes,  although  children  could  attend  to  va- 
rious minor  details.  The  currant,  raspberry, 
strawberry  and  all  the  smaller  fruits,  would 
occupy  children,  with  a  few  experienced  per- 
sons as  directors. 

"  Nature,"  says  Fourier,  "  must  have  cal- 
culated upon  an  extended  employment  of  chil- 
dren in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  for  she  has 
created  in  great  abundance  litt-le  fruits,  vege- 
tables and  shrubbery,  which  should  occupy 
the  child  and  not  the  grown  person.  The 
greater  portion  of  our  gardens  is  composed 
of  little  plants,  which  are  adapted  to  the  la- 
bor of  children.  The  whole  system  of  agri- 
culture is  now  deranged  by  the  exclusion  of 
women  and  children  from  its  occupations,  to 
whom  Nature  assigns  so  important  a  part. 
Man  is  now  obliged  to  abandon  those  branches 
of  agriculture  which  are  specially  designed  for 
him — the  three  principal  ones  of  which  are : 
Works  of  Irrigation,  Care  of  Forests, 
Cultivation  of  Grains.  He  cannot  in  the 
present  Social  Order  devote  himself  to  the 
two  first  branches,  because  he  is  occupied  in 
works  which  belong  properly  to  Women  and 
Children,  such  as  the  care  of  small  domestic 
animals,  of  poultry,  the  gardens,  etc. — cares 
from  which  he  should  be  reheved  by  thos^ 
two  classes." 

Flowers  should  be  extensively  cultivated, 
not  only  because  they  are  a  source  of  charm 
in  Industry,  an  ornament  to  the  fields  and 
gardens,  and  will  furnish  attractive  occupa- 
tions to  Groups  of  Florists,  and  others  engaged 
in  the  preparation  of  perfumery,  but  because 
their  cultivation  will  be  an  agricultural  School 
for  Children.  "  The  interest  which  Children 
will  take  in  their  industrial  pursuits,  exercised 
in  little  Groups,  will  early  accustom  them,^' 
observes  Fourier,  "  to  a  speculating  or  investi- 
gating turn  of  mind.  Thought  and  observa- 
tion are  very  necessary  in  the  cultivation  of 
flowers.  What  is  more  difficult  to  raise  to 
perfection  than  the  jonquil,  the  narcissus,  the 
tulip,  the  varieties  of  the  rose  and  hyacinth  ? 
If  Nature  requires  so  much  knowledge  in  the 
care  of  these  flowers,  it  is  because  she  wishes 
to  accustom  the  minds  of  children,  who  hare 
a  taste  for  their  cultivation,  to  a  habit  of  ex- 
amination and  reflection.  Association  will 
never  give  to  the  child  any  simple  or  one- 
sided instruction.  It  will  only  initiate  it  int* 
one  Science  by  combining  that  Science  wit^i 
practical  notions  previously  acquired  in  diffe- 
rent branches  of  Industry,  particularly  in  agri- 
culture, carpentry  and  masonry." 

Wo  would  advise  that  in  the  first  Associa- 
tion— unless  it  is  too  distant  from  a  market 
for  its  fruits  and  vegetables — the  heavier 
branches  of  agriculture,  such  as  the  cultiva- 
tion of  grain,  should  receive  but  little  atten- 
tion. The  rule  to  be  followed  in  the  com- 
mencement is  to  choose  the  most  attractive 
branches  of  Industry,  or  those  which  are  natu- 
rally the  most  pleasing.  The  grand  object 
of  the  first  Association  is  to  render  Industry 
Attractive,  and  profit  and  other  considera- 
tions should  be  made  subservient  to  tbaK 
aim. 


ADAPTATION   OF   THE   GROUPS  AND   SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


5SI 


Series  engaged  in  Manufactures. 

In  the  choice  of  Manufactures,  care  must 
be  takea  to  make  a  selection  suited  to  the 
tastes  and  capacities  of  both  sexes  and  all 
ages,  and  to  reserve  to  each  a  part  of  the  lu- 
crative branches.  A  great  many  details,  re- 
lating to  the  selection  of  manufactures,  could 
be  given,  but  as  they  would  not  be  interesting 
to  readers  in  general,  we  will  omit  them. 

We  recommend  the  following  branches  of 
Manufactures  for  the  first  Association. 

Attractive  Branches  of  Manufactures. 

1  Series  occupied  with  Confectionary; — 
suited  to  women  and  girls. 

1  Series  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  Mu- 
sical instruments ; — suited  to  men,  women  and 
children. 

1  Series  occupied  with  the  Dairy;— suited 
to  men,  women  and  children. 

1  Series  engaged  in  Cabinet-making ; — suit- 
ed to  men  and  boys. 

Useful  and  necessary  branches  of  Manufac- 
tures. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  wood — Carpenters, 
Wagon-makers,  Turners. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  leather — Saddlers, 
Shoemakers,  Glove-makers. 

1  Series  of  workers  in  metals — Blacksmiths, 
Jiocksmilhs,  Tinsmiths. 
■  1  Series  of  Avorkers  in  cloths  and  other 
stuffs — Tailors,  Milliners,  Hatters. 

1  Series  of  Printers  and  Bookbinders. 
.-  1  Series  of  Goldsmiths  and  Jewellers. 

Series  devoted  to  the  Arts^  Sciences  and 

Education. 
1  Series  of  Doctors,  Dentists,  Nurses. 

1  Series  of  Teachers. — This  Series  will  in- 
clude Instructors  in  the  different  branches  of 
Industry,  as  well  as  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences. 

2  Series  devoted  to  Music. 

.  The  Association  should  take  great  pains  to 
have  a  fine  orchestra.  The  refinins:  and  ele- 
vating influence  of  this  most  beautiful  branch 
of  harmony  will,  in  Association,  he  precious, 
and  all  those  who  have  a  taste  for  it  should 
be  induced  to  join  these  Series. 

Series  devoted  to  Household  or  Domestic 
Labor. 

2  Series  of  Cooks. 

1  Series  of  Laundresses. 

1  Series  of  Housekeepers,  or  persons  having 
the  care  and  supervision  of  the  private  apart- 
ments. 

1  Series  engaged  in  a  variety  of  minor  em- 
ployments— such  as  supervision  of  the  build- 
ing at  night,  care  of  fires,  baths,  etc.  etc. 

1  Series  of  Pages. 
\  The  Series  of  Pages  will  be  composed  of 
young  persons  of  both  sexes,  under  the  age 
ot  fifteen,  who  will  perform  various  branches 
of  domestic  service.  Some  of  the  branches 
will  be  done  by  boys  and  some  by  girls  ex- 
clusivelv,  and  some  bv  both   toorpther.  like 


waiting  upon  the  tables.  This  Series  will 
comprise  so  many  members  that  each  will  be 
engaged  but  a  small  portion  of  his  or  her  time 
in  the  performance  of  its  duties.  The  Pages 
will  serve  the  Association  and  not  the  Indivi- 
dual, and  in  this  character  their  service  will 
be  considered  honorable,  as  is  that  of  a  Na- 
tion, the  Ofiicers  of  which  are  proud  to  call 
themselves  ''  public  servants."  To  serve  and 
wait  upon  friends  is  a  pleasure,  and  no  one 
feels  demeaned  by  the  act,  and  to  serve  a  col- 
lective or  corporate  Body  becomes  at  once  an 
honorable  and  elevated  duty; — it  is  indivi- 
dual dependence  and  service  only  which  are 
repulsive  and  degrading,  and  even  this  kind 
of  service  may  be  rendered  honorable  and  be- 
come attractive,  as  we  perceive  in  the  case  of 
pages  and  maids  of  honor  in  Royal  families. 

Isolated  Groups. 
There  will  be  some  single  Groups,  devoted 
to  functions  which  do  not  require  the  atten- 
tion of  a  Series.     For  example : 

1  Group  of  Book-keepers. 

1  Group  of  Commission  Merchants,  having 
the  charge  of  the  sales  and  purchases  of  the 
Association. 

1  Group  having  the  care  of  the  library, 
reading-rooms,  gallery  of  art  and  the  scientific 
collections. 

There  will  be  also  some  single  Groups  en- 
gaged in  industrial  pursuits. 

1  Group  devoted  to  the  care  of  Bees. 
1  Group  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  Per- 
fumery. 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND 
SERIES  TO  HUxMAN  NATURE. 

REASONS  WHY   THEY  RENDER   INDUSTRY  AT- 
TRACTIVE. 


We  have  said  that  Industry  will  be  Attrac- 
tive when  prosecuted  by  Groups  and  Series 
of  Groups,  but  it  must  not  be  understood  that 
the  Attraction  which  Man  will  have  for  In- 
dustry, and  the  delight  which  he  will  take  in 
its  exercise,  when  prosecuted  according  to  the 
Serial  Method,  will  arise  from  the  mere  me- 
chanism  or  external  organization  of  the  Groups 
and  Series ;  it  will  not,  but  from  their  adapt- 
ation to  human  Nature,  and  the  complete  sa- 
tisfaction which  they  will  give  to  the  instincts, 
tastes  and  sentiments  in  Man.  The  Groups 
and  Series  will  allow  and  elicit  a  free  and  full 
expansion  and  development  of  all  the  true  and 
noble  passions,  sentiments,  attractions  and  in- 
stincts in  the  Soul,  which  seek  restlessly  some 
means  of  manifestation  and  satisfaction,  and 
will,  in  opening  to  them  outlets  or  a  broad 
field  of  action  in  the  useful  and  noble  sphere 
of  Industry,  and  the  means  of  gratification  in 
its  exercise,  attract  Man  to  it,  and  induce  him 
to  engage  voluntarily  and  ardently  in  its  pur- 
suits.— Thus  the  Serial  organization  will  ren- 
der Industrv  Attractive  bv  directimr  llieJBasa- 


54 


ADAPTATION  OF  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO  HUMAN  NATURE. 


sions,  such  as  ambition,  friendship,  the  desire 
of  fortune  and  others,  to  Industry,  and  by  satis- 
fying them  in  its  exercise.   Let  us  explain  this. 

Man  loves  Nature :  there  is  an  intimate  co- 
relation,  correspondency  or  analogy  between 
Nature  and  the  human  Soul, — or  between  the 
Instincts,  Feelings,  Sentiments  and  Tastes  of 
the  Soul,  and  the  Creations  in  the  animal, 
vegetable  and  mineral  Kingdoms,  in  all  their 
infinite  and  varied  beauty.  With  the  fruits 
and  the  flowers,  and  the  thousand-fold  useful 
and  lovely  products  of  the  earth  and  the  living 
creatures  which  inhabit  it,  Man  is  linked  and 
conjoined  in  a  way  that  attracts  and  attaches 
him  sympathetically  to  them.  He  is  drawn 
to  them  by  a  strong  and  mysterious  attraction, 
the  nature  of  which  he  does  not  comprehend. 
He  delights  in  communing  and  commingling 
with,  in  caring  for,  in  cultivating,  rearing,  de- 
veloping, perfecting  and  in  w^orking  the  thou- 
sand varied  and  beautiful  creations^  of  Nature 
—the  fruits,  the  flowers,  the  animals  and  the 
metals— and  the  Activity  or  Labor,  which  is 
necessary  to  do  all  this,  constitutes  the  Exer- 
cise of  Industry.  Now  this  Activity,  this 
Labor — that  is  Industry,  which  is  from  its 
nature  essentially  Attractive,  will  become  so, 
when  its  mode  of  prosecution  does  not  violate 
essential  desires,  sentiments  and  requirements 
of  human  Nature ; — when,  for  example,  it  does 
not  violate  the  Social  Sentiments,  which  re- 
quire congenial  companionship,  by  being  pro- 
secuted alone  and  solitarily; — when  it  does 
not  violate  the  sentiment  of  Friendship,  which 
requires  sympathy  of  character,  by  being  pro- 
secuted in  company  with  persons  whom  we 
regard  with  indilference  or  dislike  ;— when  it 
does  not  violate  the  passion  Ambition,  which 
requires  distinction,  elevation  and  the  just  re- 
ward of  merit,  by  being  prosecuted  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  be  degrading  and  dishonorable ; 
— when  it  does  not  violate  the  desire  of  riches 
or  temporal  comforts,  which  are  necessary  to 
independence,  health  and  the  satisfaction  of 
the  material  wants,  by  being  prosecuted  in  a 
way  that  subjects  the  Laborer  to  poverty,  de- 
pendency and  privation; — when  it  does  not 
violate  the  desire  of  chanjre  and  variety  in 
occupations,  by  being  confined  to  one  kind  of 
labor,  and  prolonged  so  excessively  as  to  ex- 
haust body  and  mind. 

The  Creations  in  the  animal,  vegetable  and 
mineral  Kingdoms,  delight  the  Senses  of  man 
and  minister  to  his  Wants.  Some  with  their 
beautiful  forms  and  colors,  charm  his  sense  of 
sight;  some  with  their  delicate  and  fragrant 
perfumes,  please  his  sense  of  smell;  some 
with  their  luscious  flavors,  delight  his  sense 
of  taste ;  some  with  their  pliant  softness,  their 
genial  warmth  or  refreshing  coolness,  gratify 
his  sense  of  touch ;  some  produce  melodious 
vibrations  of  sound,  which  ravish  the  sense 
of  hearing ; — and  all  serve  collectively  to  mi- 
nister to  his  Comfort  and  Health. 

Thus  the  beautiful  objects  of  Nature  appeal 
to  Man  and  entice  and  attract  him  to  the 
work  of  producing,  developing  and  perfecting 
them— that  is,  to  the  great  work  of  Industry, 
and  he  would  en^aire  with  ardor  and  dftlio-ht 


in  it,  if,  from  the  manner  of  conducting  it,  the 
violations  of  the  passions,  as  above  described, 
did  not  take  place. 

The  reflecting  mind  must  see  from  these 
general  remarks,  that  the  Repugnance  of  In- 
dustry does  not  arise  from  the  Labor  which  is 
connected  with  Industry,  but  solely  from  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  prosecuted,  and  the  ciV- 
cumstances  attendant  upon  it. 

To  show  more  clearly  how  the  mechanism 
of  the  Groups  and  Series  is  adapted  to  the 
nature  of  Man,  and  will,  by  satisfying  the 
Passions  in  the  exercise  of  Industry,  render  it 
Attractive,  we  will  enter  into  a  slight  exa- 
mination of  some  of  those  springs  of  Action 
in  the  human  Soul. 

We  find  in  Man  certain  spiritual  or  moral 
impulses,  springs  of  action  or  moving  powers, 
which  are  variously  termed  sentiments,  feel- 
ings, instincts,  tastes  and  passions : — we  givp 
to  them  the  general  name  of  Passions. 

Among  them  we  find  : 

1st.  The  Five  Senses  —  Sight,  Hearing, 
Taste,  Smell  and  Touch.  Through  them 
Man  communicates  with  the  outward  world, 
and  is  charmed  and  stimuhited  to  action  by 
its  external  or  material  Beauties  and  Harmo- 
nies:— harmonies  of  forms,  lines  and  colors; 
harmonies  of  sounds,  perfumes  and  flavors, 
which  are  Types  of  original  spiritual  harmo- 
nies that  exist  in  the  human  soul. 

2d.  The  Moual  and  Social  Sentiments — 
such  as  Ambition,  Friendship,  Love,  Pater- 
nity or  Family  Affection,  Emulation,  etc. 

3d.  Natural  Tastes  or  Instincts  for  In- 
dustry, Art  and  Science.  Every  individual 
has  more  or  less  of  these  tastes  or  instincts, 
which  lead  him  to  engage  with  pleasure  in 
particular  occupations,  but  they  are  almost 
completely  smothered  by  our  false  and  im- 
perfect systems  of  education,  and  are  not 
available  with  our  wretched  system  of  In- 
dustry. 

Whenever  Man  by  the  performance  of  an 
Act,  Deed,  Work  or  Function,  can  satisfy  any 
of  the  Passions,  he  performs  it  wiih  more  or 
less  ardor,  according  as  the  passion  is  stronger 
or  weaker.  It  is  to  satisfy  Ambition  that  the 
Warrior  exposes  himself  to  death,  and  under- 
goes the  severest  fatigue  and  the  greatest 
privations.  But  War  opens  an  avenue  to 
distinction,  rank  and  fortune,  and  its  ar- 
duous, dangerous  and  repulsive  pursuits,  be- 
come in  consequence  Attractive.  It  is  Ambi- 
tion, with  a  mixture  of  Party-spirit  or  false 
Emulation,  which  induces  thePoHtician  to  sit 
tedious  hours  day  after  day  in  Legislative 
HaHs,  engaged  in  stale  formalities  and  trifling 
controversies,  and  to  stoop  to  underhanded 
intrigues ;  but  he  obtains  distinction  by  these 
means,  and  undergoes  willingly  the  irksome 
and  demeaning  tasks.  It  is  the  desire  of  For- 
tune which  induces  the  Merchant  to  encoun- 
ter the  risks,  cares  and  anxieties  that  are  con- 
nected with  commercial  life,  but  how  lightly 
are  they  considered,  as  Fortime  is  the  prize ! 
With  regard  to  the  influence  which  the  Senses 
exercise  in  inducing  men  to  act,  what  efforts 
are  not  made  bv  lovers  of  music,  of  paintinsr. 


ADAPTATION  OP  THE  GROUPS  AND  SERIES  TO   HTrjIAN  NATURE. 


of  good  living,  etc.,  to  gratify  their  particular 
tastes  ? 

Thus  it  is  evident  that  whenever  Man,  by 
the  performance  of  a  function  or  labor,  can 
satisfy  a  Passion,  he  undergoes  it  willingly ; 
it  becomes  a  sport  or  pleasure,  and  if  the  pas- 
sion is  intense,  a  charm  and  a  delight. 

From  the  preceding  observations  the  reader 
will,  we  trust,  be  convinced  that  if  we  can  so 
organize  Industry,  that  in  its  exercise  the  pas- 
sions, which  we  have  enumerated,  shall  be  sa- 
tisfied, it  will  become  Attractive — become  a 
pleasure  and  a  charm,  in  which  all  will  ea- 
gerly engage.  Let  us  now  show  how,  by 
means  of  Association  and  the  Serial  Mecha- 
nism, the  Passions  can  be  satisfied. 

I.    MEANS   OF   SATISFYING   THE   SENSES. 

To  attract  Man  to  the  exercise  of  Industry,  I 
by  delighting  and  gratifying  the  Senses,  the  | 
outward  world,  or  all  the  material  arrange-  > 
ments  of  the  Association  must  be  beautiful.  \ 
The  Domain  must  present  a  charming  scene  i 
of  agricultural  unity  and  order:   the  fields,  5 
gardens,  orchards,  lawns  and  woodlands,  must  \ 
be  tastefully  and  skilfully  distributed  and  cul-  \ 
tivated,  and  intermingled  with  pleasing  diver-  \ 
sity,  and  so  as  to  combine  the  useful  with  the  i 
beautiful.     All  this  can  easily  be  done,  as 
the  lands  of  an  Association  would  be  culti-  \ 
vated  as  if  they  were  the  property  of  a  single  i 
individual.     The  productions  in  the  animal  I 
and  vegetable  kingdoms — the  fruits,  flowers  <, 
and  vegetables,  the  flocks  and  all  domestic 
animals — must  be  of  the  finest  species: — the 
tools,  implements  and  other  accessories  of  In- 
dustry, must  be  neat  and  convenient: — the  \ 
working  dresses  or  uniforms  of  Industry,  tasty 
and  handsome : — the  workshops,  or  halls  of 
Industry,  spacious  and  elegant,  and  decorated  '. 
with  ornaments  indicative  of  the  branches  of 
work  prosecuted  in  them : — and  music  must  I 
enliven  the  occupations  of  Industry,  as  it  now  < 
enlivens  our  amusements,  our  festivities  and  s 
war.  \ 

"  Could  we  see,"  says  Fourier,  "  on  the  l 

beautiful  domain  of  an  Association,  cultivated  ^ 

with   the  combined  skill  and  science  of  an  I 
intelligent  population,  the  various  Groups  and 

Series  in  activity,  some  engaged  under  co-  ] 

lored   awninsrs,  some  working  in   scattered  :i 

companies  on  the  hill  sides  and  in  the  valley,  I 

marching  to  the  sound  of  instruments  arid  ) 

singing  in  chorus  as  they  changed  the  location  \ 

of  their  work;  then  see  the  domain  studded  \ 

with  bowers  and  pavilions,  with  their  colon-  | 

nades  and  spires  instead  of  huis  and  hovels,  \ 

and  in  the  centre  the  Edifice  of  the  Associa-  ^ 

tion  rising  majestically  above  the  whole,  we  i 

would  believe  the  country  enchanted — think  I 

it  a  fairy  scene,  and  acknowledge  that  the  j 

earth,  when  governed  according  to  the  Com-  \ 

bined  or  Divine  Order,  will  eclipse  in  beauty  \ 

all  that  our  poets  have  imagined  of  the  Olym-  | 

pic  abodes."  '  \ 

When  all  these  conditions  of  external  ele- 
gance and  harmony  are  fulfilled,  so  as  to  at- 
tract man   to  the  exercise  of  Industry   by  I 
charming  the  Senses,  then  the  first  and  pri-  } 


mary  step  towards  rendering  Labor  Attrac 
TiVE  will  have  been  taken. 

II.  means  of  satisfying  the  moral  and  so 

CIAL    sentiments. 

Ambition.  The  Groups  and  Series  will  eli 
cit  and  satisfy  Ambition,  which,  when  rightl] 
developed  and  directed,  is  a  noble  Passioi 
that  stimulates  man  to  the  performance  of  al 
that  is  just,  dignified  and  elevated.  The] 
will  satisfy  Ambition,  because  they  will  have 
in  the  first  place,  their  posts  of  honor — presi 
dencies,  vice-presidencies,  etc. — which  will  b( 
open  to  all  and  will  be  the  reward  of  merit,  de 
votion  and  talent ;  and  because,  in  the  seconc 
place.  Skill,  Proficiency  and  useful  Service 
in  Industry,  will  be  the  avenues  to  distinc 
tion  and  consideration  in  the  world,  and  wil 
constitute  the  highest  claim  to  seats  in  th< 
Councils  and  to  the  Offices  of  Association,  a; 
well  as  to  the  Legislative  bodies  and  th( 
higher  Offices  of  the  State  or  Nation ; — foi 
Government  in  the  Combined  Order  will  b( 
a  Government  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science 
having  for  object  the  development  and  regu 
lation  of  these  three  great  departments  ol 
human  activity,  and  will  be  composed  of  dis 
tinguished  Industrialists,  Artists  and  Men  oi 
Science,  celebrated  for  their  acquirements 
genius  and  practical  services,  instead  of  wran 
gling  lawyers  and  ignorant  demagogues,  wh( 
now  govern  and  misguide  the  people. 

Fkiendship  —  Paternity  —  Love.  In  th( 
industrial  unions  of  Association  the  greates 
decorum,  politeness  and  urbanity  of  manners 
will  be  observed,  and  by  means  of  the  organ 
ization  of  the  Groups  and  Series,  both  sexen 
and  all  ages  can  take  part  together  in  mosi 
of  its  occupations;  parents  and  children 
friends  and  lovers  will  be  united  in  the  same 
Groups,  so  that  these  three  beautiful  senti- 
ments will  be  gratified  jointly  with  the  pro- 
secution of  useful  pursuits.  Combine  the  sa- 
tisfaction of  these  endearing  social  affections 
with  the  exercise  of  Industry,  and  they  will 
give  to  it  an  indescribable  charm.  How  littk 
can  these  conditions  be  fulfilled  in  our  present 
rude  and  false  system  of  Industry ! 

Emulation.  The  organization  of  the  Groups 
and  Series  will  elicit  and  satisfy  fully  this  pa* 
sion  (now  misdeveloped  in  envious  rivalry). 
There  will  be,  first,  Emulation  or  friendly  ri- 
valry between  the  individuals  of  each  Group, 
then  between  the  Groups,  then  between  the 
wings  and  centre  of  a  Series,  then  between 
Series  themselves,  and  then  between  Asso- 
ciations. These  individual  and  corporate  ri- 
valries will  call  out  a  strong  enthusiasm  and 
exaltation,  and  give  a  zest  and  interest  to  In- 
dustry of  which  we  can  now  form  no  idea. 

Love  of  Change  and  Variety.  Change 
and  variety  are  not  only  desires  of  the  human 
heart,  but  absolute  wants  of  the  body.  An 
occupation  continued  for  hours  becomes  a  bur- 
then, and  in  the  end  a  hateful  task.  If  the 
occupations  of  the  Series  were  prolonged  the 
entire  day  through,  as  labor  now  is,  emulation 
would  slacken,  the  spirits  flag,  the  feelings  be 
blunted,  and  Industry  lose  all  its  charms.    But 


66 


ADAPTATION   OF   THE    GROUPS   AND   SERIES   TO  HUBIAN   NATURE. 


the  frequent  change  of  pursuits  in  the  Groups 
and  Series,  will  satisfy  fully  the  love  of  Chani^e 
and  Variety,  and  prevent  monotony  and  fa- 
tigue. 

III.    MEANS    OF    SATISFYING    THE    INDUSTRIAL 
TASTES    AND   INSTINCTS. 

The  Series  of  an  Association  will  be  nume- 
rous, and  will  be  devoted  to  a  great  variety 
of  branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science- 
admission  to  which  will  be  open  to  all  the 
members.  Every  person  will,  consequently, 
be  able  to  select  and  pursue  such  occupations 
as  are  suited  and  agreeable  to  his  tastes  and 
inclinations.  Each  one  can  satisfy  his  tastes 
for  the  care  and  cultivation  of  favorite  spe- 
cies in  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms 
— for  parlicular  branches  of  the  mechanical 
arts — for  scientific,  artistic  and  literary  pur- 
suits, etc. 

With  what  pleasure  and  energy  men  pur- 
sue favorite  occupations,  when  disagreeable 
and  repulsive  circumstances  are  not  con- 
nected with  their  prosecution  !  How  many 
persons  of  wealth  and  rank  have  a  taste  for 
mechanical  pursuits,  the  exercise  of  which 
they  avoid  because  they  are  disreputable  and 
degrading.  Association,  by  dignifying  all 
branches  of  human  Industry  and  enabling 
every  individual  to  choose  freely  his  occupa- 
tions, will  satisfy  industrial  Tastes  and  In- 
stincts, and  excite  by  this  means  a  powerful 
Attraction  for  Industry. 

Desire  of  Fortune.  Commerce,  banking, 
the  law,  speculation  and  various  schemes  of 
fraud  and  injustice,  all  of  which  live  upon 
productive  Industry  and  absorb  its  profits,  are 
at  present  the  main  avenues  to  Fortune.  In 
Association  this  will  not  be  the  case ;  there, 
the  avenues  will  be  Industry  and  the  Arts 
and  Sciences.  Industry  is  the  great  source  of 
production  or  wealth,  and  it  should,  together 
with  those  pursuits  which  enlighten,  dignify 
and  elevate  Mankind,  lead  to  fortune.  Let 
social  Justice  be  done — let  productive  Indus- 
try become  the  principal  avenue  to  wealth 
and  a  sure  means  of  its  acquisition,  and  men 
will  engage  in  it  ardently, — and  one  more  in- 
centive will  be  added  to  those  already  enu- 
merated. 

There  are  various  otlier  means — some  of 
an  exalted  character — which  Association  and 
the  Serial  Mechanism  will  put  in  play  to  ren- 
der Industry  attractive.  We  will  refer  to  one 
only.  When  in  Association  man  shall  com- 
prehend his  Destiny  and  the  purpose  of  his 
creation, — when  he  comprehends  that  he  is 
trie  Overseer  of  the  Globe  and  the  creations 
upon  it — that  his  terrestrial  Destiny  or  the 
great  Function  assigned  him  upon  earth,  is  to 
supervise  his  planet,  cultivate  and  beautify 
it,  and  regulate  its  material  harmonies, — 
when  he  comprehends  all  this,  and  knows 
also  that  Industry  is  the  Means  or  the  In- 
strument by  which  he  fulfils  his  high  func- 
tion and  trust  of  Overseer,  a  halo  will  be 
thrown  around  it,  and  a  noble  and  a  sacred 
character  will  be  given  to  it;  he  will  then 
look  upon  it  as  the  most  exalted  of  pursuits, 


and  will  feel  honored  instead  of  degraded  in 
devoting  himself  to  its  exercise. 

Let  us  sum  up  in  a  few  words  what  we 
have  said  at  length.  The  Groups  and  Series 
are  so  adapted  to  human  Nature  as  to  allow 
a  free  and  harmonious  development  of  the 
passions,  attractions  and  instincts  of  the  soul; 
and  they  will,  when  applied  to  Industry, 
render  it  attractive,  because  they  will  adapt 
its  mode  of  prosecution  and  its  external  ar- 
rangements to  the  demands  and  requirements 
of  the  passions  and  attractions,  and  make  its 
exercise  the  means  or  medium  through  which 
they  will  be  satisfied.  Wherever  the  Series 
is  put  in  action,  and  regularly  organized  cor- 
porations or  bodies  are  a])plied  to  any  work 
or  function,  as  in  the  case  of  armies,  although 
very  imperfectly,  and  in  a  manner  still  more 
imperfect  with  fire  companies,  boat  clubs  and 
hunting  matches,  the  function  or  labor  is  ren- 
dered pleasing  and  attractive. 

Before  terminating  this  subject,  we  will  an- 
swer an  objection  which  is  frequently  raised. 
Some  persons  imagine  tliat  if  Man,  in  Asso- 
ciation, is  supplied  with  abundance  and  is  not 
urged  on  to  labor  by  want  and  necessity, 
that  he  will  sink  into  idleness  and  listless 
apathy ;  others  imagine  that  a  low  order  of 
equality  and  a  uniformity  of  condition,  without 
distinctions  and  other  advantages  derived  from 
individual  exertion,  will  exist,  and  that  all  in- 
centives and  inducements  to  action  will,  con- 
sequently, be  destroyed. 

To  show  the  falseness  of  these  views,  let 
us  point  out  briefly  the  ditference  between  the 
springs  of  action  which  the  present  Social 
Order  puts  in  play,  and  those  which  Associa- 
tion will  bring  to  bear. 

The  two  principal  and  almost  the  only  in- 
ducements to  action  and  exertion  which  now 
exist,  are :  1st.  The  desire  of  making  Mo- 
ney or  acquiring  Fortune ;  2d.  Want  and  Ne- 
cessity; the  latter  are  the  sole  incentives  of 
the  vast  majority.  Ambition  and  other  pas- 
sions stimulate  an  extremely  small  minority 
of  persons,  but  so  few  that  they  are  scarcely 
to  be  considered. 

In  the  place  of  these  two  meager  springs 
of  action — the  second  of  which  is  so  repulsive 
and  degrading — Association  will  put  in  play 
a  large  number  of  powerful  inducements  to 
exertion,  which  will  act  more  or  less  con- 
stantly upon  all  individuals,  and  stimulate  to 
the  most  indomitable  energy.  We  will  men- 
tion ten:  the  most  of  them  will  be  understood 
by  preceding  explanations. 

1st.  Desire  of  acquiring  Fortune ;  2d.  Am- 
bition ;  3d.  Emulation ;  4th.  Corporate  Spirit 
and  Enthusiasm;  5th.  Love  of  Nature  and 
her  material  Harmonies;  6th.  Satisfaction  of 
industrial  Tastes  and  Instincts ;  7th.  Satisfac- 
tion of  the  Social  Sympathies;  8th.  Impulse 
communicated  by  public  and  collective  feel- 
ing and  action,  or  from  being  surrovuided  by 
a  large  and  active  population;  9ih.  Spirit  of 
Self-sacrifice  or  Self-denial  (for  an  example  ot 
this  incentive,  see  Sacred  Legion) ;  10th.  Idea 
of  being  engaged  in  works  of  universal  Utility 


INDIVIDUAL    ACCOrtNTS. 


and  Importance — the  highest  of  which  is  that 
of  overseeing  the  Globe. 

When  all  these  incentives  are  brought  to 
bear,  what  folly  to  suppose  that  man  will  be 
idle  in  Association !  Instead  of  the  simple 
stimulants  to  action  of  the  present  Social  Or- 
der— the  satisfaction  of  the  material  and  sen- 
sual wants  which,  when  applied  alone,  are 
low  and  debasing— Association  Avill  apply  a 
high  order  oi  compound  stimulants — material 
and  moral — which,  acting  together,  Avill  be 
impellent  in  the  highest  degree,  while  they 
are  ennobling  and  elevating. 


INDIVIDUAL  ACCOUNTS. 


When  will  man  be  freed  from  the  petty  cares  and 
jiiliful  vexiitiiinsdf  a|>eouiii;iryiiai.uiH,  to  which 
he  is  now  subjected  in  all  the  daily  business 
affairs  of  life  T 


The  Association  will  open  on  its  books  an 
account  with  every  member  individually — 
even  with  the  child  so  soon  as  it  begins  to 
produce.  Every  person  will  be  charged  the 
amount  of  hi'^  or  her  expenditures  during  the 
year,  and  credited  for  the  amount  of  his  or 
her  earnings,  and  interest  upon  Stock.  The 
debits  of  individuals  will  be,  first,  rent  of 
rooms ;  second,  board ;  third,  wearing  apparel ; 
fourth,  articles  purchased  for  personal  use; 
fifth,  subscription  to  libraries,  concerts,  baths, 
etc ;  sixth,  cash  advanced.  The  books  will 
be  balanced  once  a  year,  and  a  general  settle- 
ment take  place. 

In  order  to  explain  this  more  clearly,  we 
will  state  the  account  of  an  individual  as  it 
may  be  supposed  to  exist.  Suppose  J.  Jones 
is  a  member;  his  account  may  be  stated 
thus: — 


J.  Jones  in  account  with  the  North  American 
Phalanx. 
Dr. 
For  Rent  of  rooms  for  one  year      ....  $200  00 

"   Board 175  00 

"   Wearing  Apparel 150  00 

"   Articles  purchased 250  00 

"   Subscriptioa  to  library,  concerts  and 

baths 25  00 

"   Cash  advanced 250  00 

"•   Sundries 50  GO 

Total  Debits   .    .    .    .     $1100  00 

Cr. 

By  Interest  on  Stock  for  one  year  .  $400  00 

^  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en- 
gaged in  works  of  Neces- 
sity     400  00 

"  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en- 
gagecl  in  works  of  Useful- 
ness    300  00 

"  Share  of  profits  in  Series  en- 
gaged in  works  of  Attrac- 
tiveness   200  00 

Total  Credits  .    .  $1300  00 

$200  00 

This  balance  of  two  hundred  dollars,  due  to 
J.  Jones  by  the  Association  on  the  settlement 


of  his  Account,  would  be  paid  to  him  in  cash 
or  placed  to  his  credit  to  be  used  when  he 
wishes.  In  the  case  of  minors,  profits  will 
be  kept  for  them  by  the  Association  until 
they  arc  of  age. 

In  Association  there  will  be,  as  a  general 
rule,  no  buying  and  selling  between  indivi- 
duals— the  fruitful  source  at  present  of  so 
much  fraud,  enmity,  discord,  slander  and  vio- 
lence. The  members  will  deal  directly  with 
the  Association.  If  a  person  desires,  for  in- 
stance, to  purchase  a  suit  of  clothes,  he  goes 
to  the  Group  of  persons  who  have  charge  of 
the  clothing  department  and  has  them  made, 
but  does  not  pay  the  Group ;  they  are  charged 
to  him  on  the  books  of  the  Association,  with 
which  he  will  settle.  Just  prices  will  be  es- 
tablished for  everything  by  the  Council  oi 
internal  arrangements,  and  when  an  indivi- 
dual wishes  an  article  for  private  use — a 
watch  or  a  book — he  would  not  have  to  bar^ 
gain  for  it,  or  be  subject  to  the  imposition 
and  extortion  of  a  seller,  but  would  take  it  at 
the  fixed  price,  sure  of  being  dealt  with  cm 
fair  and  equitable  terras. 

Let  the  observing  mind,  which  has  time  to 
reflect  upon  such  subjects,  examine  the  quar- 
rels and  law-suits,  the  calumny  and  misrepre- 
sentation, the  waste  of  time  and  loss  of  money, 
the  antipathies,  animosities  and  even  crimes 
of  a  fearful  character,  whi6h  grow  out  of  the 
present  system  of  trading,  trafficking  and  con- 
tracting between  individuals,  for  individual 
gain  and  advantage,  and  it  will  turn  from  it 
with  disgust.  All  this  strife  and  discord  can 
be  obviated  in  the  most  simple  and  easy  man- 
ner in  Association;  the  individual  will  deal 
directly  with  the  Association  or  the  collective 
body,  between  whom  no  misunderstandings 
or  quarrels  can  arise,  as  there  will  be  no  dis- 
position or  opportunity  to  overreach,  defraud 
or  deceive,  or  take  advantage  in  any  way  on 
either  side. 

The  tens  of  thousands  of  law-suits  which 
are  constantly  going  on  in  the  country,  with 
the  waste  of  millions  which  they  cause  an- 
nually, originate  mostly  in  this  incoherent 
system  of  individual  traffic.  The  advocates 
of  Law  Reform,  should  see  that  the  abuses 
and  disorders  of  the  Law  are  effects,  and 
that  to  reform  them  they  must  do  away 
with  the  came — do  away  with  the  system 
which  nourishes  and  sustains  them,  and  this 
is  only  possible  with  the  system  of  whole- 
sale and  direct  Trade,  Unity  of  interests, 
and  other  measures  and  institutions  of  Asso- 
ciation. 

Association,  then,  will  render  all  business 
matters  easy  and  pleasant  to  transact,  will  do 
away  with  the  necessity  for  that  mean  and 
miserable  practice  of  higgling  and  jewing  on 
one  side,  and  deception  and  extortion  on  the 
other,  now  common  in  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  all  articles,  even  the  smallest  and  most 
trifling;  and,  in  the  settlement  of  Individual 
Accounts,  will  banish  the  possibility  of  fraud 
and  injustice  (as  well  as  the  desire),  and  ad- 
just everything  upon  the  most  honorable  and 
equitable  terms. 


58 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


DIVISION  OF  PHOFITS. 


Individual  cupidity  will  be  absorbed,  because  the 
inttsrfsts  of  <;acl»  individual  will  be  identified 
with  those  of  his  Seri"'S  and  the  entire  Asso- 
ciation; and  the  pretension  of  a  Series  to  an 
exorbitant  dividend,  will  be  counteracted  by 
the  individual  interests  of  each  of  its  members, 
•wlio  will  l)elong  to  a  large  number  of  other 
Series.  Fouriur. 


At  the  end  of  the  year  a  general  settle- 
ment, as  we  have  hef'ore  stated,  will  take 
place,  when  ihe  lotal  value  of  all  that  has  been 
produced  by  tlie  Association,  and  consumed 
in  or  sold  out  of  it,  will  be  ascertained,  and 
a  division  of  proliis  made.  Let  us  suppose 
that  in  an  Association  of  four  hundred  per- 
sons, fruits,  grains  and  vegetables  have  been 
grown,  animals  raised  and  articles  manufac- 
tured, which  have  sold  for  ^400,000.  Of  this 
sum,  one  quarter,  or  S100,000,  will  be  reserved 
to  pay  interest  upon  the  stock,  or  capital  in- 
vested, and  the  other  three  quarters  will  be 
paid  to  those  who  have  performed  the  Labor. 

We  will  endeavor  to  explain  in  a  clear  and 
concise  manner  the  svstem  by  which  the  va- 
rious branches  of  Industry,  Art  and  Science 
will  be  paid,  and  how  the  value  of  each 
hranch  will  be  ascertained.  The  main  point 
is  to  understand  the  principle  upon  Avhich 
Labor  shall  be  remunerated,  for  the  payment 
of  Capital  and  Skill  is  easily  comprehended. 

The  various  branches  of  Industry,  prose- 
cuted in  an  Association,  will  be  divided  into 
three  Classes,  or  rather  classed  in  three  Cate- 
gories, and  paid  a  larger  or  smaller  dividend 
or  share  of  the  general  product,  according  as 
they  are — 1st.  Rf.pugnant  and  Laborious; 
2d.  Useful  ;  3d.  Attractive. 

1st  Class,  or  Class  of  Nkcessity — compris- 
ing works  of  a  repugnant,  laborious  and  ne- 
cessary character. 

2d  Class,  or  Class  of  Usefulness — com- 
prising works  of  a  useful  character. 

3d  Class,  or  Class  of  Attractiveness — 
comprising  works  of  a  pleasing  and  attractive 
character. 

Each  branch  of  Industry  will  be  paid  more 
or  less  according  to  the  Class  to  which  it  be- 
longs. Works  of  Necessity,  or  those  which 
are  laborious  and  repugnant,  as  well  as  occu- 
pations which  tend  to  strengthen  social  ties 
and  maintain  social  Unity  and  Harmony,  will 
rank  in  the  first  class  and  receive  the  largest 
dividend.  Works  which  are  useful  and  which 
possess  but  a  moderate  degree  of  attraction, 
will  rank  in  the  second  class,  and  will  be  paid 
the  next  largest  dividend  or  highest  price. 
"Works  which  are  naturally  pleasing  and 
agTeeable,  like  horticulture,  will  rank  in  the 
third  class,  and  will  be  paid  the  least. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  more  attractive  a 
branch  of  Industry  is,  the  less  it  will  be  paid ; 
and  the  more  repugnant  and  laboiious  it  is, 
the  more  it  will  be  paid.  There  are  some 
exceptions,  however,  to  this  rule :  one  applies 
to  works  or  functions  which,  although  attrac- 
tive, tend  to  maintain  concord  and  harmony, 


to  strengthen  the  social  affections  and  cement 
the  bonds  of  union. 

The  Series  devoted  to  music  and  the  culti- 
vation of  flowers  will  come  under  this  excep- 
tion; it  would  seem,  according  to  the  rule  laid 
down  above,  that  they  should  belong  to  the 
category  of  Attractiveness,  as  they  are  ex- 
tremely pleasing  pursuits.  Such,  however, 
will  not  be  the  case ;  the  cultivation  of  flowers 
requires  great  care  and  attention,  and  as  this 
branch  of  Industry  will  be  important  in  many 
respects,  and  will  be,  as  we  have  explained, 
an  agricultural  school  for  children,  it  must 
rank  in  the  category  of  Usefulness.  The  re- 
fining, elevating  and  exalting  influence  of 
Music  and  some  of  the  Fine  Arts  connected 
with  it,  will  be  found  of  such  high  import- 
ance in  producing  industrial  Attraction  and  in 
maintaining  social  Unity,  that  they  will  pro- 
bably be  placed  in  the  first  category,  or  that 
of  Necessity. 

The  three  classes  or  categories  of  Neces- 
sity, Usefulness  and  Attractiveness,  will  each 
be  divided  into  three  Orders,  and  in  large  As- 
sociations into  five,  so  that  there  will  be  a  Jst, 
2d,  and  3d  Order  of  the  classes  of  Necessity, 
Usefulness  and  Attractiveness. 

Suppose  the  $300,000,  which  in  the  exam- 
ple given  above,  are  the  part  paid  to  Labor  and 
Skill,  are  divided  among  the  various  Series, 
the  following  division,  to  make  an  approxi- 
mate estimate,  will  take  place: — 

Works  of  tlie  Class  of  Necessity  will  re- 
ceive, say $125,000 

Works  of  the  Class  of  Usefulness  will  re- 
ceive,    100,000 

Works  of  the  Class  of  Attractiveness  wiU 

receive 75,000 

The  three  Orders  of  each  Class  will  also 
receive  unequal  portions :  the  8125,000  paid 
to  works  of  Necessity  will  be  divided  as  fol- 
lows : — 

1st  Order  will  receive,  say $52,000 

2d       "        "        "        " 42,000 

3d       "         "        "        "       31,000 

These  calculations  are  approximative ;  prac- 
tical experience  and  observation  will  regulate 
them  according  to  strict  justice. 

Each  Series  will  be  paid  out  of  the  total 
product  of  the  Association  the  sura  which  is 
due  to  it,  and  the  members  will  divide  this 
sum.  among  themselves  according  to  the  La- 
bor and  Skill  of  each. 

"  A  Series,"  says  Fourier,  "  will  be  paid, 
not  out  of  the  product  of  its  particular  work, 
but  out  of  the  total  product  of  the  entire  As- 
sociation, and  its  compensation  will  be  in 
proportion  to  the  rank  it  occupies  in  the  list 
of  works  or  functions,  divided  into  the  three 
classes — Necessity,  Usefulness,  Attractiveness. 
For  instance,  a  Series  growing  grain  will  not 
receive  the  amount  of  sales  of  the  grain  it 
raises;  the  grain  will  go  into  the  mass  of  pro- 
ducts to  be  disposed  of  or  consumed  in  the 
Association,  and  if  the  Series  engaged  in  its 
cultivation  is  considered  of  high  importance 
in  Industry,  it  will  receive  a  dividend  of  the 
first  Class.     The  Series  of  grain-growers  will 


DIVISION   OF   PROFITS. 


59 


belong  evidentljr  to  the  first  Class,  that  of 
Necessity ;  but  in  this  Class  there  are  three 
Orders,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  Series  en- 
gaged in  the  cultivation  of  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
oats  and  corn,  will  belong  to  the  second  and 
perhaps  even  to  the  third  Order.  Ploughing, 
sowing  and  reaping  have  nothing  repulsive  in 
them,  and  should  be  ranked  after  uncleanly 
and  repulsive  works  which  offend  the  Senses, 
and  which  will  be  placed  in  the  1st  Order  of 
Necessity. 

"  It  will  require  two  or  three  years  to  clas- 
sify properly  the  different  branches  of  Indus- 
try and  the  Series  devoted  to  them,  and  to 
ascertain  the  rank  which  each  should  hold. 
If  some  mistakes  are  made  in  the  beginning, 
they  can  easily  be  rectified,  and  will  lead  to 
no  serious  consequences." 

"  Three  principal  considerations  are  to  be 
observed  in  assigning  to  the  Series  the  rank 
wliich  they  shall  hold: 

"  1  St.  Their  influence  in  sustaining  gene- 
ral Concord  and  Harmony,  and  in  removing 
causes  of  disagreement,  dissatisfaction  and 
discord." 

(The  great  object  will  be  to  sustain  Asso- 
ciation, from  which  so  much  wealth  and 
happiness  flows.  As  a  consequence,  the  most 
precious  Series  will  be  that  which — 'productive 
or  unproductive — tends  most  efficaciously  to 
maintain  social  Harmony  and  Unity.) 

"  2d.  Repulsive  and  laborious  obstacles  con- 
nected with  branches  of  Industry." 

(Such  is  the  work  of  miners,  of  nurses  hav- 
ing the  (yire  of  the  sick  and  children,  and  all 
uncleanly  occupations  and  functions.  Some 
branches  of  Industry  are  laborious,  like  black- 
smithing,  without  being  repugnant ;  this  alone 
will  not  entitle  them  to  priority  of  rank.) 

"  3d.  The  degree  of  Attraction  which  occu- 
pations excite." 

(The  more  a  work  or  function  is  pleasing 
and  attractive,  the  less  will  be  its  pecuniary 
value,  and  as  a  consequence,  its  compensa- 
tion.) 

"  The  three  rules  which  we  have  here  laid 
down,  must  be  duly  considered  in  estimating 
the  class  to  which  the  different  branches  of 
Industry,  Art  and  Science  shall  belong." 

"  The  culti\ration  of  fruit  trees  offers  us  the 
example  of  a  work  which  will  be  classed  low, 
on  account  of  the  attraction  connected  with  it. 
In  Association  the  fruit  orchards  will  be  de- 
lightful places  of  resort ;  the  elegance  with 
which  they  will  be  laid  out,  planted  and  de- 
corated, the  meetings  of  Series  from  neigh- 
boring Associations,  the  pleasure  of  collations 
served  in  the  pavilions  of  the  orchards,  and 
various  other  enticements,  will  excite  in  a 
vast  majority  of  persons,  it  is  easy  to  conceive, 
a  taste  for  the  work  without  regard  to  profit; 
as  a  consequence,  the  Series  of  fruit-growers 
will  be  placed  in  the  class  of  Attractiveness, 
and  receive  one  of  the  least  dividends." 

As  a  general  rule,  which  we  have  already 
stated,  and  which  is  easily  understood,  we  may 
say  that  the  more  a  work  is  attractive,  the 


less  it  will  be  paid ;  and  the  more  laborious 
and  repugnant  it  is,  the  more  it  will  be  paid. 

If  injustice  were  involuntarily  done  to  any 
Series,  if  it  were  ranked  too  low,  it  would 
soon  be  perceived ;  there  would  be  a  slacken- 
ing of  attraction  on  the  part  of  its  members, 
and  the  branch  of  Industry  with  which  it  was 
engaged,  would  be  abandoned.  When  this 
happens  it  will  be  necessary  to  connect  addi- 
tional incentives  with  it — one  of  which  will 
be  the  assigning  it  a  higher  rank,  and  in- 
creasing the  dividend  allotted  to  it.  Suppose, 
for  example,  it  were  found  that  there  was  an 
indifference  for  the  work  of  cooking,  and  that 
the  members  of  the  Series  devoted  to  it  were 
gradually  abandoning  it ;  measures  would  have 
to  be  taken  to  increase  the  attraction  for  this 
important  occupation.  The  kitchens,  for  ex- 
ample, could  be  more  conveniently  or  ele- 
gantly fitted  up,  the  Series  increased  in  num- 
ber and  the  division  of  labor  made  more 
minute,  so  as  to  require  less  time  from  each 
member,  and  a  larger  dividend  awarded  to, 
the  work.  An  analogous  process  v/ould  be 
applied  to  any  other  branch  of  Industry  which 
was  found  to  be  declining. 

Practical  experiments  will  gradually  show , 
the  Class  to  which  each  branch  of  Industry 
should  belong;  if  it  were  found  that  some 
branches  drew  a  large  number  of  persons  to , 
their  exercise— more  than  were  required — 
from  the  attraction  inherent  in  them.,  the  Se- 
ries devoted  to  them  would  be  lowered  in 
rank  and  paid  less.  Suppose  Confectionary — 
classed  in  the  3d  Order  of  the  category  of. 
Usefulness — attracted  very  strongly,  it  would 
be  lowered  to  the  category  of  Attractiveness, 
and  receive  a  smaller  dividend  ;  if  Cabinet- 
making— classed  in  the  1st  Order  of  Useful- 
ness—  attracted  more  members  than  were 
wanted,  it  would  be  lowered  to  the  2d,  then 
to  the  3d  Order  of  Usefulness,  until  some  of 
them  left  the  work.  By  this  and  other  means 
equilibrium  will  be  maintained  in  the  exer-, 
cise  of  the  various  branches  of  Industry,  and 
the  prosecution  of  all  will  be  secured. 

In  classifying  the  works  and  functions  of 
Association,  many  of  the  Professions,  such  as 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  will  belong  to  the  first 
Class,  or  that  of  Necessity ;  repugnant  and 
laborious  Occupations,  such  as  care  of  the  sick 
and  children,  mining,  blacksmithing  and  ma- 
sonry, will  also  belong  to  the  Class  of  Neces- 
sity :  Works  of  importance  to  health  and  com- 
fort, such  as  cooking,  will  rank  in  the  same 
Class ;  the  care  of  Animals  will  belong,  no 
doubt,  to  the  classes  of  Usefulness  and  Attrac- 
tiveness; Carpentry  to  the  class  of  Useful- 
ness ;  Printing  probably  to  the  same  class. 
But  few  branches  of  the  mechanical  Arts 
would  belong  to  the  class  of  Attractiveness, 
as  they  are  naturally  less  attractive  than  agri- 
cultural and  some  other  kinds  of  pursuits.  To 
all  those  branches  of  Industry  and  Professions, 
which  are  naturally  offensive  or  repulsive,  ar- 
tificial incentives  must  be  applied ;  they  must 
be  paid  more  and  more  highly  honored,  and 
upon  those  who  exercise  them,  various  privi- 
leares  must  be  conferred. 


6C 


DTVJSION   OP  PROFITS. 


The  members  of  an  Association  cannot  fail 
tyeing  satisfied  in  a  pecuniary  point  of  view, 
as  they  will  know  beforehand  the  dividend  or 
share  of  the  profits,  which  each  branch  of  In- 
dustry or  Series  will  receive,  and  they  will 
be  perfectly  free  to  choose  those  Series  which 
they  prefer. 

It  is  in  the  important  operation  of  a  Divi- 
sion of  Profits  that  we  shall  see  the  necessity 
of  frequent  changes  of  occupations,  and  of  the 
members  of  the  Association  belonijinj^  to  se- 
veral Series.  "  If  each  individual,"  says  Fou- 
rier, "  pursued  but  one  branch  of  Industry ;  if 
he  was  a  carpenter,  a  gardener  or  a  mason 
only  as  at  present,  and  took  part  in  but  one 
Series,  he  would  wish  the  Series  of  carpenters 
to  be  paid  the  highest,  if  he  was  a  carpenter, 
and  the  Series  of  masons,  if  he  was  a  mason; 
but  as  he  will  helong  to  a  large  number  of 
Series,  he  will  not  desire  that  one  amons: 
them  should  be  exorbitantly  paid,  as  he  would 
lose  in  others  by  it;  his  interests  will  be  ba- 
lanced and  equalized,  and  he  will,  from  per- 
sonal interest,  be  induced  to  speculate  entirely 
contrary  to  what  people  now  do,  and  advocate 
strict  equity."  Besides,  he  will  have  friends 
and  relatives  in  numerous  Series,  whose  inte- 
rests he  will  wish  respected;  these  various 
considerations  operating  together  will  be  prac- 
tical means,  which  should  always  be  combined 
with  moral  considerations,  of  inducing  him 
10  desire  the  most  just  and  equitable  Division 
of  Profits,  and  exact  Justice  in  every  respect. 

All  the  Series  of  an  Association  will  hold  a 
general  meeting  at  the  end  of  the  year,  or  at 
the  annual  settlement,  when  a  general  divi- 
sion of  the  Product  or  Profits  of  the  past  year 
will  take  place,  and  each  Series  will  receive 
that  portion  for  its  share  to  which  it  may  be 
entitled,  and  which  will  be  regulated  by  the 
three  classes  of  Necessity,  Usefulness  and  At- 
tractiveness. Each  Series  will  divide  among 
its  Groups  the  amount  awarded  to  it,  and 
each  Group  Avill,  in  turn,  divide  among  its 
members  its  particular  share. 

As  Necessity,  Usefulness  and  Attractiveness 
are  the  three  considerations  which  will  be 
taken  into  account  in  the  payment  of  the  Se- 
ries, so  Labor,  Capital  and  Skill  will  be  those 
which  will  be  observed  in  the  payment  of  In- 
dividuals. 

The  part  awarded  to  Labor  will  be  divided 
among  the  members  of  the  Groups  according 
to  the  time  which  each  has  Avorked,  and  the 
■value  of  his  Avork.  As  has  before  been  stated, 
deductions  will  be  made  for  time  lost  by  ab- 
sence from  the  Groups,  and  candidates  for 
admission  or  learners  will  receive  but  a  frac- 
tion of  a  full  share.  As  the  members  of  a 
Group  will  work  together,  they  will  be  able 
to  appreciate  the  services  and  the  merits  of 
each  respectively. 

The  part  awarded  to  Skill  will  be  divided 
among  the  officers  of  the  Groups,  who  will 
possess  the  most  talent  or  skill,  and  among 
the  older  and  more  experienced  members. 

In  organizing  the  first  Association,  some  de- 
viations from  the  system  which  we  have  here 
laid  down  for  the  division  of  profits  may  take 


place,  and  be  continued  for  two  or  three  years, 
until  it  is  fairly  in  operation.  We  will  men- 
tion two. 

To  induce  capitalists  to  furnish  the  means 
necessary  to  found  an  Association,  a  fixed  rate 
of  interest,  which  should  be  a  little  above 
the  legal  rate,  may  be  guarantied  to  them, 
in  the  place  of  one  quarter  of  the  product. 
A  great  many  persons  will  prefer  a  mode- 
rate certainty  to  the  most  favorable  chances 
of  a  large  dividend ;  and  a  certainty  as  re- 
gards interest  may  induce  men  of  means  to 
take  stock  in  Association,  when  they  would 
not  otherwise  listen  to  the  proposition.  At 
the  end  of  the  year,  when  the  amount  of 
the  total  product  is  ascertained,  and  before 
any  division  of  profits  takes  place,  a  sum 
sufficiently  large  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the 
investment  or  capital  stock,  will  first  be  taken 
out  of  it  and  applied  to  this  purpose.  The 
balance,  whatever  it  may  be,  will  be  divided 
among  those  who  perform  the  Labor. 

A  second  deviation  may  take  place  in  the 
mode  of  paying  the  Series.  If  the  founders 
of  an  Association  should  find  it  difficult  to 
classify  the  Series  according  to  Necessity, 
Usefulness  and  Attractiveness,  they  might 
simply  pay  to  each  Series  and  to  each  Group, 
the  value  or  amount  of  the  sales  of  its  pro- 
duct. 

Suppose,  for  instance,  a  Group  of  wheat- 
growers  raises  five  thousand  bushels  of  wheat, 
worth  $6000.  After  deducting  from  this  sum 
commissions  for  sales,  and  $1500  or  one  quar- 
ter to  pay  the  interest  on  the  Capital  Stock, 
the  balance,  about  $4500,  would  be  awarded 
to  the  Group,  which  would  divide  it  among 
its  members  according  to  Labor  and  Skill. 
Those  Series  engaged  in  branches  which  are 
not  really  productive,  such  as  nursing  and 
teaching,  would  be  paid  at  a  iairly  established 
rate,  according  to  the  importance  of  their  lu- 
bor,  out  of  a  general  fund,  which  would  be 
formed  by  deducting  a  certain  per  centage 
from  the  total  product  before  any  division 
took  place. 

This  mode  of  division  would  simplify  the 
operation,  as  each  Group  would  receive  what- 
ever it  produced,  but  it  would  not  answer  for 
an  Association  fully  established,  as  an  equi- 
librium in  the  prosecution  of  the  different 
branches  of  Industry  could  not  be  maintained ; 
those  which  were  the  most  profitable  might 
be  the  most  attractive,  and  all  others  would 
in  consequence  be  abandoned  for  them. 

We  will  answer  two  objections  here,  which 
should  have  been  mentioned  in  speaking  of 
the  Series.  It  may  be  objected  that  the  fre- 
quent chancres  of  the  Groups  and  Series  will 
cause  a  great  loss  of  time.  They  will  require 
from  five  to  fifteen  minutes — less  than  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour  upon  an  average—  for  changes 
in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  half  that  time 
for  manufactures  and  other  occupations  in  the 
Edifice  of  the  Association.  They  who  regret 
this  loss  of  time,  might  wish  to  do  away 
with  sleep,  because  it  is  time  wasted.  The 
attractive  Labor  of  Association  will  be  ardent, 
and  it  would  lead  to  excesses,  ii"  it  were  no: 


DIVISION  OF  PROFITS. 


61 


frequently  tempered  by  relaxation  between 
changes. 

The  members  of  the  Association  will  meet 
in  the  afternoon  daily  at  the  Exchange,  where 
thev  will  discuss  and  regulate  various  matters 
of  interest  and  pleasure — among  others  the 
occupations  of  the  Series  for  the  following 
days.  By  this  means  perfect  order  and  regu- 
larity will  be  preserved  in  all  the  operations 
of  Industry. 

Another  objection  is,  the  size  of  the  Do- 
main. Being  three  miles  square,  it  will  be 
too  far,  it  will  be  averred,  to  go  to  the  diffe- 
rent kinds  of  work ;  but  we  must  recollect 
that  as  the  Edifice  will  be  located  in  the  cen- 
tre, it  will  only  be  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the 
outer  limits  of  the  Domain ;  around  the  Edi- 
fice will  be  located  the  gardens,  some  of  the 
fruit-orchards,  the  out-houses,  and  all  branches 
of  Industry  which  require  daily  attention.  The 
grain  fields,  woodlands,  etc.,  which  require 
attention  at  certain  seasons  only,  will  be  lo- 
cated at  the  more  distant  parts  of  the  domain : 
avenues,  bordered  with  trees  and  flowers,  will 
wind  through  it,  and  some  carriages,  like  our 
omnibuses,  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey  the 
Groups  to  their  respective  positions. 


BEASON  FOR  THE  DIVISION  OF  PROFITS  BETWEEN 
CAPITAL,  LABOR   AND  SKILL. 

We  will  point  out  briefly  the  reason  why  the 
Profits  of  Industry  are  divided  between  Capi- 
tal,  Labor  and  Skill.  It  is  based  upon  the 
principle  that  whatever  is  produced  should  be 
divided  among  the  producing  Powers;  and 
Capital,  Labor  and  Skill  being  the  three 
sources  of  Production,  or  the  powers  that  cre- 
ate wealth,  they  are  entitled  to  the  wealth 
which  is  produced.     Let  us  explain  this. 

Capital  is  the  accumulated  product  of  past 
Ldbor,  or  of  Labor  done.  To  understand  this, 
it  is  necessary  to  know  in  what  Capital  con- 
sists. It  consists  in  works,  products  and  im- 
provements of  all  kinds,  (edifices,  manufac- 
tures, workshops,  clearings  of  the  soil,  vessels, 
rail-roads,  tools,  implements,  machinery,  me- 
tals, flocks,  etc.  etc.,)  which  are  the  results  of 
human  Industry.  In  speaking  of  Capital  in 
connection  with  Labor  and  Skill,  we  will  call 
it  what  it  really  is,  past  Labor,  as  it  will 
make  our  explanations  more  easily  under- 
stood. 

When  past  Labor  facilitates  the  perform- 
ance and  increases  the  productiveness  of  pre- 
sent Labor,  it  should  receive  a  part  of  its 
product.  We  will  make  use  of  an  illustra- 
tion to  prove  this  clearly.  Suppose  a  body 
of  men  settle  upon  a  tract  of  land  in  a  wild 
s»tate,  which  is  covered  with  forest,  and  that 
with  labor  they  clear  it,  bring  it  under  culti- 
vation, erect  buildings  upon  it,  construct  im- 
plements, rear  flocks  and  render  it  productive 
and  valuable.  These  improvements  are  the 
results  of  past  Labor,  and  constitute  Capital. 
When  this  work  is  accomplished,  suppose  a 
second  body  of  men  join  the  first,  and  live 


with  them  upon  the  land :  they  find  houses 
to  inhabit,  teams  and  implements  lo  work 
with,  and  the  soil  prepared  for  cultivation; 
with  the  aid  of  these  improvements,  which 
are  the  product  of  past  Labor,  they  can  pro- 
duce easily  and  abundantly  from  it,  whereas 
had  they  come  upon  it  in  the  wild  state  with- 
out any  improvements  and  facilities  for  apply- 
ing their  (present)  Labor,  they  could  have 
produced  nothing  from  it. 

Would  it  not  be  just  that  the  new  comers 
should  give  to  those  who  had  preceded,  and 
prepared  all  these  facilities  for  them,  a  share 
of  the  product  of  their  labor  ?  Undoubtedly, 
for  the  past  Labor  of  the  first  settlers  created 
in  reality  a  part  of  the  product. 

What  should  this  share  be  ? — that  is,  what 
portion  of  the  product,  should  present  Labor 
give  to  past  Labor  for  the  aid  lent  to  it? 
The  answer  to  this  question  determines  the 
rate  of  interest  to  which  Capital  is  entitled. 
From  our  remarks  on  property  and  the  divi- 
sion of  profits,  it  v/ill  be  seen  that  we  estimate 
this  share  at  about  one  quarter,  or  three-  ■ 
twelfths. 

If  a  Stock  Company  furnishes  capital  with 
which  to  buy  the  land  for  an  Association,  to 
erect  buildings  upon  and  stock  it,  those  who 
enter  the  Association  will  hold  the  same  rela- 
tion to  the  Company  as  the  new  comers  did, 
in  the  case  above,  to  those  who  had  prepared 
and  improved  the  wild  lands  by  their  labor, 
and  they  should  give  to  the  Company  an 
equal  share  of  the  product  or  profits  of  their 
labor — that  is,  about  one  quarter. 

Thus  Capital  or  past  Labor  is  entitled  to  a 
share  of  the  product,  because  it  aids  and  faci-  ' 
litates  present  Labor  in  creating  this  product; 
its  right  to  a  part  of  the  product  is  perfectly 
legitimate,  and  they  who  contest  it,  do  not 
understand  clearly  the  sources  of  produc- 
tion. 

We  will  explain  in  connection  why  Labor 
and  Skill  should  receive  each  a  part  of  the  ge- 
neral product ;  to  do  this  we  will  recur  again 
to  a  practical  illustration.  Suppose  a  number 
of  persons,  forming  a  Group  of  grain-growers, 
are  engaged  in  cultivating  wheat.  Labor, 
which  consists  in  ploughing,  sowing,  reaping 
and  threshing,  is  the  principal  means  of  pro- 
duction, and  should  receive  in  consequence, 
the  largest  share  of  the  product,  which  w« 
estimate  at  about  seven-twelfths. 

In  the  Group  there  are  some  members  who, 
we  will  suppose,  possess  superior  knowledge 
and  skill ;  by  means  of  their  directions  and  ad- 
vice, such  excellent  methods  of  cultivation  are 
followed,  and  the  Labor  of  the  Group  is  so 
judiciously  directed  and  efficiently  applied, 
that  it  produces  a  great  deal  more  than  it 
would  have  done,  had  not  knowledge  and 
skill  lent  their  aid.  The  members  of  whom 
we  speak,  may  have  spent  years  in  acquiring 
the  experience  and  skill  which  they  possess, 
and  as  they  have  aided  materially  in  increa»- 
ing  the  product,  they  should  in  strict  justice 
receive  a  part  of  the  product.  We  estimate 
the  part  at  about  two-twelfths. 
To  sum  up — 


62 


THE  SACRED  LEGION. 


Capital,  which  furnishes  the  means,  or 
prepares  the  way  for  producing,  is  the  first 
Source  of  wealth. 

Labor,  wliich  creates  the  product,  is  the 
second  Source. 

Skill,  which  directs  Labor  wisely,  judi- 
ciously and  efficiently,  and  renders  it  addi- 
tionally productive,  is  the  third  Source.  (Skill 
comprises  practical  experience,  natural  talent 
and  scientific  acquirements.) 

If  we  weigh  duly  the  respective  values  of 
these  three  great  Sources  of  Production,  taking 
into  consideration,  first,  the  importance  of  the 
Improvements,  which  enable  man  to  labor 
advantageously;  second,  the  absolute  neces- 
sity of  Labor  to  create  or  produce ;  and  third, 
the  value  of  Skill,  which  directs  labor  wisely 
and  efficiently,  it  will  be  found  that  the  Im- 
provements or  Capital  should  receive  about 
three-twelfths  of  the  total  product;  Labor, 
seven-twelfths ;  and  Skill,  two-twelfths.  Prac- 
tical experience  will  modify  these  proportions, 
if  found  necessary. 


THE  SACRED  LEGION. 

MEANS   OF   PERFORMING   UNCLEANLY   AND   RE- 
PULSIVE  BRANCHES    OF   WORK. 


There  will  be  in  Association — if  not  in  the 
first  one,  at  least  as  soon  as  a  perfect  esta- 
blishment is  founded — a  Series  Avhich  will 
take  upon  itself,  from  a  sentiment  of  Devotion 
or  Self-Sacrifice,  and  from  Social  Charity  and 
Religious  Philanthropy,  the  performance  of 
those  functions  and  works  Avhich  are  in  them- 
selves repulsive  and  uncleanly,  and  which  are 
now  looked  upon  as  degrading.  The  repug- 
nance of  such  works  is  now  overcome  by  pay, 
and  they  are  performed  from  necessity  by  de- 
graded classes.  In  Association,  no  class  or  part 
of  the  community  must  be  abased  to  fit  them 
for  the  performance  of  repulsive  and  uncleanly 
functions ;  as  a  consequence,  powerful  in- 
centives and  inducements  must  be  connected 
with  such  functions,  and  their  execution  must 
be  induced  by  an  appeal  to  the  highest  and 
noblest  Sentiments  in  man — to  Devotion  and 
self-sacrificing  Love,  so  that  they  may  be  per- 
formed with  voluntary  enthusiasm. 

The  Series,  which  will  assume  the  perform- 
ance of  uncleanly  and  repulsive  works  and 
functions,  will  be  called  the  Sacred  Legion. 
It  will  rank  first  in  public  estimation  and  will 
take  precedence  of  all  other  Series.  It  will 
be  composed  principally  of  Boys  of  an  ardent 
temperament,  from  the  age  of  nine  to  sixteen. 
Boys  have  at  this  age,  as  we  know,  no  natu- 
ral antipathy  or  repugnance  to  dirty  or  offen- 
sive contacts.  To  compass  a  trick,  they  will 
sometimes  resort  to  the  most  filthy  expedients 
without  any  regard  to  personal  considerations : 
indeed,  it  may  be  said  that  a  majority  of  them 
have  a  taste  for  dirt,  and  this  inclination  will 
overcome  any  dislike  for  the  imcleanly  works 
which  they  will  assume  in  Association,  and 
allow  them  to  take  part  freely  in  the  Series 


or  Corporation  of  the  Sacred  Legion,  which 
they  will  be  induced  to  do  from  Devotion  and 
social  Philanthropy,  and  from  the  high  honor 
and  consideration  which  will  be  bestowed 
upon  its  functions. 

This  Series  must  be  numerous  enough  to 
require  the  attention  of  the  members  for  but 
an  hour  or  two  every  other  day,  and  admis- 
sion must  be  made  difecult,  and  considered  a 
signal  favor.  The  works  of  the  Sacred  Le- 
gion will  not  be  productive,  and  yet  they  will 
be  considered  the  most  valuable ;  for  this  no- 
ble Corporation,  in  assuming  from  Social  Cha- 
rity and  a  spirit  of  S elf-Sacrifice  uncleanly  and 
repulsive  occupations,  will  obviate  and  smo- 
ther numerous  causes  of  disagreement  and 
dissatisfaction,  prevent  the  debasement  and 
lowering  in  public  estimation  of  any  Class,  do 
away  with  the  spirit  of  caste  and  false  dis- 
tinction in  Society,  and  maintain  free  inter- 
course and  friendly  union  between  all  its 
members. 

The  members  of  the  Sacred  Legion  will  not 
be  degraded  by  the  work  which  they  will  per- 
form, because  they  will  execute  it  from  gene- 
rous and  noble  sentiments  and  motives,  which 
will  exalt  and  dignify  in  public  estimation  its 
functions. 

This  reference  to  the  Series  of  the  Sacred 
Legion  will  serve  to  answer  the  question, 
which  will  be  raised  in  many  minds,  as  to 
the  manner  in  which  all  dirty  or  uncleanly 
work,  and  repulsive  and  disagreeable  func- 
tions, will  be  performed  in  Association.  The 
performance  of  works  and  functions  of  this 
class,  now  so  degrading,  will  result  from  the 
action  of  a  passion  in  man  which  has  not  been 
at  all  understood,  but  has  been  fully  analyzed 
and  explained  by  Fourier;  it  is  the  passion 
of  Self-Sacrifice.  This  passion  requires  satis- 
faction as  much  as  any  passion  in  the  human 
heart ;  it  manifests  itself  by  acts  of  devotion, 
and  delights  in  privations  and  self-imposed 
labors  and  dangers  for  the  good  of  others ;  it 
presents  in  Man  what  appears  the  strange 
anomaly  of  satisfaction  and  pleasure  being 
found  in  discomfort,  privation,  and  even  suf- 
fering. 

This  Passion  is  often  exhibited  at  present 
by  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  devote  themselves 
to  the  care  of  the  sick,  by  certain  classes  of 
Missionaries,  and  the  Forlorn  Hope  in  Ar- 
mies. 

We  find  also  in  the  Evangelists  a  typical 
example  of  the  performance  of  a  lowly  and 
menial  function  being  sanctified  and  exalted, 
and  the  sacred  obligation  of  its  performance 
inculcated  by  practical  precept.  The  act  to 
which  we  refer  may  be  considered  as  the 
Type  of  a  class  of  Functions  and  Duties,  which 
must  be  performed  in  human  societies,  and 
the  hand  by  which  this  act  was  performed, 
should  sanction  the  work  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Christian  world. 

"  Jesus  riseth  from  supper,  and  laid  aside  his  gar- 
ments ;  and  took  a  towel,  and  girded  himself, 

"  After  that,  he  poureth  water  into  a  basin,  and 
began  to  wash  the  disciples'  feet,  and  to  wipe  them 
■with  the  towel,  wherewith  he  was  gurded. 


THE  SACRED  LEGION. 


63 


"  Then  came  he  to  Simon  Peter :  and  Peter  saith 
unto  him,  Lord,  dost  thou  wash  my  feet? 

"  Jesus  answered,  and  said  unto  him,  what  I  da, 
thou  knoivest  not  now  ;  btU  thou  shalt  know  here- 
<ifter. 

"  Peter  saith  unto  him :  Thou  shalt  never  wash 
my  feet.  Jesus  answered  him,  if  I  wash  thee  not, 
thou  hast  no  part  with  me. 

"  Simon  Peter  sailh  unto  him,  Lord,  not  my  feet 
only,  but  also  my  hands  and  my  head." 

♦  ♦  »  «  * 

"  So  after  he  had  washed  their  feet,  and  had  taken 
his  garments,  and  was  set  down  again,  he  said  unto 
them,  Know  ye  what  I  have  done  to  you  ? 

«  Ye  call  me  Master  and  Lord :  and  ye  say  well ; 
for  so  I  am. 

"  If  I  then,  your  Lord  and  Master,  have  washed 
your  feet,  ye  also  ought  to  wash  one  another's  feet. 

"  For  I  have  given  you  an  example,  that  you  should 
do  as  I  have  done  to  you. 

"  Verily,  verily,  I  say  unto  you,  the  servant  is  not 
greater  than  his  Lord :  neither  he  that  is  sent, 
greater  than  he  that  sent  him. 

"  If  ye  know  these  things,  happy  are  ye  if  ye  do 
ihem." — St.  John  xiii. 

"  The  whole  system  of  Attractive  Industry 
and  Social  Harmony,"  says  Fourier,  "  would 
fall  prostrate,  if  means  were  not  found  of  con- 
necting powerful  incentives  with  the  execu- 
tion of  all  uncleanly,  repulsive  and  disgusting 
branches  of  work,  the  performance  of  which 
is  now  only  procured  by  pay  and  the  debase- 
ment of  a  portion  of  our  fellow-creatures." 

"  If  there  existed  in  the  Combined  Order 
one  single  function,  which  was  despised  and 
deemed  ignoble  and  degrading  for  the  persons 
that  exercised  it,  all  inferior  parts  and  duties 
in  the  different  branches  of  Industry — in  the 
stables,  kitchens,  private  apartments,  manu- 
factories, workshops,  etc.  —  would  soon  be 
despised;  this  degradation  would  gradually 
extend  from  branch  to  branch;  a  contempt 
for  Industry  would  grow  up  again  by  degrees, 
and  the  result  would  be  that  those  persons 
who  produced  nothing,  who  lived  in  idleness 
and  were  of  no  service  to  Mankind,  would 
constitute  as  at  present  the  polite  and  re- 
spected Classes." 

"It  is  reserved  for  the  Sacred  Legion  to 
preserve  the  Social  Body  from  this  Contami- 
nation, by  taking  upon  itself  from  generous 
Devotion  and  a  spirit  of  Self-Sacrifice  the  per- 
formance of  all  uncleanly  and  despised  works 
and  functions,  which  it  will  exercise  for  the 
Mass  and  not  for  the  Individual." 

"  To  the  labors  of  this  noble  Corporation 
will  be  due  the  maintenance  of  general  Friend- 
ship and  social  Equality  among  all  Mankind, 
which  is  one  of  the  cardinal  conditions  of  So- 
cial Unity.  The  Sacred  Legion  will  exercise 
the  only  branch  of  Charity  which  will  remain 
to  be  performed  in  the  Combined  Order.  There 
will  be  no  more  Poor  to  succor,  no  more  Cap- 
tives to  deliver,  no  more  Slaves  to  free ;  the 
performance  of  dirty  and  degrading  functions 
will  consequently  alone  remain,  and  they  will 
be  assumed  by  the  Sacred  Legion,  composed 
principally  of  youths.'  This  will  be  a  charity 
of  a  high  order,  as  it  will  prevent  the  social 
inequality  and  abasement  of  any  class  of  So- 
ciety or  portion  of  Mankind :  it  will  establish 
that  Fraternity — that  free  and  friendly  Jn* 


tercourse  between  all  Classes,  which  has  so 
long  been  the  dream  of  politicians  and  philo- 
sophers." 

"  The  Sacred  Legion  will  rank  as  the  Ser- 
vant OF  God  in  the  maintenance  of  Indus- 
trial Unity.  Preserver  of  Social  Honor,  it 
will  crush  the  head  of  the  serpent  in  a  social 
sense,  for  it  will  purge  from  Society  a  venom 
worse  than  that  of  the  viper.  In  assuming 
all  filthy  and  degrading  occupations,  it  will 
smother  that  Pride,  which  in  undervaluing 
any  of  the  industrial  classes,  would  destroy 
general  Friendship  and  establish  anew  dis- 
tinctions of  rank  and  the  spirit  of  caste  in 
Society.  It  will  be  the  centre  of  all  the  so- 
cial virtues,  and  will  furnish  one  of  the  four 
supports  (the  third)  on  which  Association  will 
rest : 

"  Industrial  Attraction. 
"  Equilibrium  in  the  Division  of  Profits. 
"  Friendly  Intercourse  between  all  classes. 
"  Equilibrium  of  Population  without  unna- 
tural restraints." 

"  The  Sacred  Legion  will  be  paid  by  ho- 
nors without  end!  In  important  industrial 
enterprises,  it  will  take  the  lead,  and  receive 
from  the  highest  authorities  the  first  salute. 
In  the  church  its  place  will  be  at  the  altar, 
and  in  all  ceremonies  it  will  occupy  the  post 
of  honor !" 

We  will  conclude  this  article  by  quoting  a 
few  remarks  from  the  London  Phalanx  by 
Hugh  Doherty,  which  explains  beautifully 
the  principle  of  Self-Denial  and  Self-Sacri- 
fice.— 

"  Self-Denial  is  the  essence  of  Religion, 
the  principle  or  bond  of  universal  Unity.  Ac- 
cording to  Fourier,  it  is  the  seventh  note  or 
element  of  every  principle  of  action  in  the 
soul  of  Man  in  true  development,  and  every 
Corporation  or  Series  in  associative  Unity 
will  contain  a  Group  of  votaries  devoted  to 
the  service  of  Religious  Unity  and  Self-Denial 
— temporal  and  spiritual — corresponding  to 
the  Sabbath,  or  the  seventh  day  of  every 
week,  which  God  has  set  apart  for  worship 
and  religious  contemplation." 

"  The  law  of  life  and  universal  Unity,  ac- 
cording to  Fourier,  is  this :  "  God  distributes 
to  his  creatures  their  particular  Attractions 
and  Desires  in  due  proportion  to  their  Desti^ 
nies  respectively,  and  the  exception  to  this 
law  of  distribution  is,  that  Man,  while  here 
on  earth,  aspires  to  heaven  and  a  higher  Des* 
tiny  than  he  can  here  enjoy.  This  being  the 
exception  to  the  law  of  life  which  binds  him 
to  the  earth  in  his  attractions  and  desires,  is 
then  the  link  of  universal  Unity,  which  binds 
the  soul  of  Man  to  heaven  while  yet  on  earth, 
and  every  seventh  function  in  material  and 
spiritual  life  should  be  religious,  and  diverge 
from  earthly  satisfaction  to  immediate  hea* 
venly  aspiration  as  an  act  of  self-denial  and 
devotedness,  or  sacrifice  of  self  to  God  and 
universal  Unity.  This  is  the  principle  which 
leads  Fourier  to  organize  a  Group  of  Sel:^ 
Denial  in  every  corporation  of  Industrial  Acti- 
vity in.  a  united  body,  as  well  as  aa  especial 


64 


SYSTEM  OF   EDUCATION. 


corporation  of  the  clergy  as  the  Spiritual  Pas- 
tors of  the  flock.  It  universalizes  the  reli- 
gious aspiration,  and  reduces  it  to  practice  as 
a  principle  of  self-denial  and  devotedness  in 
every  sphere  of  action  in  Society;  so  that  self- 
denial  and  religious  purity  will  run  through 
all  the  veins  of  social  life,  and  purify  exist- 
ence in  its  very  source." 

"  This  would  be  impossible  in  false  and 
individualized  Society,  as  it  exists  at  present, 
but  in  genuine  Associative  Unity  according  to 
the  principles  ordained  by  Providence,  it  is 
not  only  practicable,  but  essential  to  the  pu- 
rity of  life,  both  individually  and  collectively. 
It  is  the  bond  of  Universal  Unity,  the  Chris- 
tian principle  of  truth  and  heavenly  self-denial 
manifested  in  all  Mankind,  as  Christ  himself 
was  manifested  individually  in  the  flesh." 


GUARANTEE  OF  AN  AMPLE  SUFFI- 
CIENCY. 


An  Ample  Sufficiency,  or  the  means  of 
supplying  the  physical  wants  and  of  securing 
health,  comfort  and  agreeable  recreation,  must 
be  guarantied  to  every  human  being.  This 
provision  is  termed  by  Fourier  the  *' Minimum," 
to  which  every  being  is  entitled  by  virtue  of 
his  humanity  and  his  existence  upon  the 
earth.  It  will  comprise  an  abundant  supply 
of  food,  clothing,  lodging  and  recreation ; — or 
more  strictly  defined,  admission  to  the  public 
tables ;  the  possession  of  a  good  apartment ; 
changes  of  comfortable  and  genteel  clothing; 
the  privilege  of  entering  and  using  the  libra- 
ries, reading-rooms,  baths,  etc.,  and  the  right 
of  attending  concerts,  festivities,  the  amuse- 
ments of  the  Association,  and  social  unions 
and  public  assemblies. 

Man  without  the  full  satisfaction  of  all  his 
physical  wants,  without  an  abundant  supply 
of  the  material  comforts  which  his  physical 
nature  requires,  without  freedom  from  care 
and  anxiety  for  himself  and  his  family  for  the 
present  and  the  future,  without  pecuniary  in- 
dependence, cannot  enjoy  his  most  precious 
rights,  cannot  possess  perfect  Liberty,  for  his 
time  and  his  person  are  not  his  own,  and  can- 
not give  freedom  and  expansion  to  higher 
sentiments  and  feelings  of  his  nature. 

The  guarantee  to  every  individual  of  a  Suf- 
ficiency or  Minimum,  is  consequently  the  first 
condition  of  a  true  Social  Order.  Without  it, 
there  is  that  frightful  Uncertainty/  of  the  Fu- 
ture with  its  harassing  cares  and  slavish  de- 
Eendency,  which  render  it  necessary  for  every 
eing  to  think  exclusively  of  himself,  to  prac- 
tice selfishness  and  smother  the  generous 
feelings  and  affections  of  the  soul. 

The  objection  will  be  raised  that  if  Asso- 
ciation guaranties  a  Sufficiency  to  Man,  he 
will  abandon  Industry,  and  pass  his  time  in 
idleness:  he  would  do  so,  if  Industry  were  to 
remain  repugnant  and  degrading  as  it  now  is ; 
and  hence  the  absolute  necessity  of  rendering 
Industry  Attractive,  so  as  to  induce  man  to 
devote  himself  with  pleasure  to  its  pursuits, 


and  produce  enough  to  secure  to  Society  a 
reciprocal  guarantee  for  its  guarantee  of  a 
Sufficiency— that  is,  a  return  for  its  advances. 

"  There  is,"  says  Fourier,  "  no  real  liberty 
or  independence,  without  the  guarantee  of  a 
Sufficiency  or  Minimum. 

"  There  is  no  Sufficiency,  without  Attrac- 
tive Industry. 

"  There  can  be  no  Attractive  Industry  with 
the  present  isolated  and  individual  system  of 
Labor. 

"  Consequently  a  Sufficiency,  sustained  by 
a  system  of  Attractive  Industry,  is  the  sole 
avenue  to  Liberty  and  Independence. 

"  To  enter  this  avenue,  we  must  extricate 
ourselves  from  the  present  false  and  incohe- 
rent system  of  Society  called  Civilization,  and 
enter  into  the  Combined  or  Associated  Or- 
der." 

This  Institution  of  the  Combmed  Order— 
the  guarantee  of  a  "  Minimum"— will  be  the 
inauguration  of  a  Social  Providence  in  human 
societies,  and  the  practical  realization  of  the 
prayer  of  Christ,  that  Humanity  should  have 
its  "daily  bread."  It  will  correspond  to  that 
wish  as  the  Sacred  Legion  will  correspond 
to  the  act  of  humble  devotion  and  charity  re- 
ferred to  in  describing  that  Corporation.  It 
could  be  shown  that  there  will  be  in  the 
Combmed  Order,  institutions  and  practical 
arrangements  which  will  correspond  to  or  be 
types  of  all  the  precepts  and  wishes  of  Christ. 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION  IN  ASSO- 
CIATION. 

[FllOM  FOVBIER.] 


EDUCATION   OF   EARLY  INFANCY,  EXTENDING  TO 
THE   AGE   OF   TWO   YEARS. 

There  is  no  problem  upon  which  more 
contradictory  theories  have  been  promulgated 
than  upon  that  of  public  instruction  and  its 
methods.  To  see  clearly  in  this  confusion 
of  systems,  let  us  first  determine  the  object  to 
be  attained. 

The  object  of  the  Education  of  Association 
is  Unity  (in  manners,  language,  habits,  be- 
lief, etc.),  and  a  complete  moral,  intellectual 
and  physical  Development  of  all  beings. 

To  attain  these  ends  it  must :  First,  developc 
combinedly  both  the  body  and  the  mind:  the 
present  systems  of  Education  fulfil  neither  of 
these  two  conditions ;  they  neglect  the  body, 
and  pervert  the  faculties  of  the  mind  and  tn« 
passions. 

Second,  it  must  embrace  all  parts  of  the 
body  and  all  the  passions  of  the  soul,  and 
give  perfection  to  both.  Our  present  systems 
do  not  perfect  the  body,  and  they  vitiate  the 
passions  by  selfishness  and  duplicity. 

Internal  Riches  or  Health,  and  External 
Riches  or  the  means  of  material  Comfort  and 
Happiness,  being  the  primary,  though  not  the 
first,  wants  of  Man,  the  Education  of  Asso^ 
ciatioa  should  commence  by  directing  the 


SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION. 


65 


child  to  productive  Industry,  which  is  the 
source  of  both.  To  do  so  successfully,  it  must 
destroy  a  shrmeful  characteristic  of  civilized 
Society,  which  does  not  exist  in  the  Savage 
state — that  is,  the  coarseness  and  rudeness  of 
the  poorer  Classes,  and  the  difference  between 
them  and  the  richer  Classes  in  language  and 
manners. 

General  Urbanity  and  Unity  of  language 
and  manners  can  only  result  from  a  uniform 
system  of  education,  which  will  give  to  the 
poor  child  the  manners  and  tone  of  the  rich. 
If  there  were  in  the  Combined  Order  diife- 
rent  systems  of  education  for  the  Poorer  and 
the  Richer  as  there  are  at  present,  the  same 
result  which  we  now  see — that  is,  incompati- 
bility of  classes  and  gross  incongruity  of  man- 
ners, would  take  place.  Such  an  effect  would 
produce  general  Discord:  it  is  consequently 
the  first  defect  which  the  policy  of  Associa- 
tion should  avoid ;  it  will  do  so  by  a  system 
of  education,  which  will  be  one  and  the 
SAME  for  the  entire  Association,  as  well  as  for 
the  entire  globe,  and  which  Avill  everywhere 
establish  Unity  and  Politeness  of  manners. 
People  in  Association  will  feel  as  much  friend- 
ship for  each  other  as  they  now  feel  indiffer- 
ence, dislike  or  hatred.  An  Association  w*ill 
consider  itself  as  a  single  family  perfectly 
united : — now  an  opulent  family  cannot  wish 
that  one  of  its  members  should  be  deprived 
of  the  education  which  the  others  have  re- 
ceived. 

We  will  remark  before  proceeding  farther, 
that  the  maintenance  of  the  two  extreme 
ages — that  is,  of  little  children  up  to  their 
fourth  year,  and  of  persons  extremely  ad- 
vanced in  age  or  infirm,  will  be  considered  in 
the  Combined  Order  as  a  branch  of  Social 
Charity :  the  Association  will,  in  consequence, 
bestow  gratuitously  every  care  upon  the  child 
until  it  is  four  years  old.  The  Association 
will  defray  all  the  expenses  of  the  nurseries 
where  the  children  are  taken  care  of.  (If  this 
gratuitous  care  be  not  extended  beyond  the 
fourth  year,  it  is  because  children  after  that 
age  will  make  themselves  useful  enough  to 
pay  the  slight  expense  of  their  maintenance.) 
The  Series  of  nurses  and  assistant  nurses  will, 
like  other  Series,  be  paid  by  a  dividend  out 
of  the  general  product. 

The  Association  will  fit  up  in  one  of  the 
wings  of  the  Edifice  large,  convenient  and 
healthy  nursery-rooms,  where  the  child  will 
be  supplied  with  every  comfort  and  conve- 
nience that  its  tender  age  and  well-being  de- 
mand. With  our  present  defective  methods, 
a  cradle  only  is  provided  for  the  child  as  a 
place  of  repose ;  in  addition  to  the  cradle,  the 
child  in  the  nursery  of  an  Association  will  be 
furnished  with  an  elastic  matress,  on  which 
it  can  lay  and  roll ;  these  matresses  will  be 
separated  by  silken  nets,  so  that  the  children 
can  see  but  not  touch  each  other.  The  rooms 
will  be  kept  at  the  proper  temperature,  so  as 
to  admit  of  the  child  being  lightly  dressed, 
and  to  dispense  with  heavy  swaddling  clothes. 
The  doctors  will  visit  the  nurseries  daily. 

As  perfect  Liberty  in  all  relations  will  exist 


in  Association,  the  Moth<T  can,  if  she  wishes, 
have  her  child  in  her  own  apartments,  and 
take  care  of  and  bring  it  up  as  she  desires ; 
or  she  can  take  part  in  the  Series  of  Nurses, 
and  be  with  it  in  the  large  nurseries — aiding 
in  taking  care  of  other  children,  and  beinaf 
well  paid  at  the  same  time.  Association  will 
secure  to  mothers  all  the  rights  that  they 
now  possess,  and  will,  in  addition,  ofler  them 
the  advantage  of  nurseries  fitted  up  in  the 
most  complete  and  perfect  manner,  and  re- 
lease them  from  the  slavish  duties  which  thej*" 
now  must  often  perform. 

The  Nurses  will  be  in  constant  attendance; 
they  will  be  divided  into  Groups,  and  will 
have  their  duty  to  perform  by  turns,  so  that 
they  will  be  relieved  every  two  hours.  At 
no  moment  of  the  night  or  day  must  the  nur- 
series be  without  experienced  overseers,  who 
are  skilful  in  comprehending  and  satisfying 
all  the  wants  of  the  children.  The  mother, 
if  she  chooses,  has  no  other  duty  than  to  at- 
tend at  certain  hours  for  the  purpose  of  nurs- 
ing her  child.  This  duty  performed,  she  can 
devote  herself  to  all  the  occupations  of  the 
Series  to  which  she  belongs. 

The  Nurses  and  Assistant-nurses  will  re- 
ceive not  only  a  large  dividend  for  their  labor, 
but  they  will  be  paid  high  honors ;  they  will 
be  considered  as  common  mothers,  and  hold 
a  high  rank  in  all  festivities.  The  combina- 
tion of  all  these  inducements  is  necessary  to 
organize  a  Series  with  a  passion  for  a  work 
so  little  attractive  in  itself. 

In  Association,  the  most  opulent  mother 
would  not  think  of  bringing  up  her  child 
isolatedly  in  her  own  apartments,  although 
she  would  have  perfect  liberty  to  do  so.  It 
would  not  receive  one  quarter  of  the  care, 
which  would  be  bestowed  upon  it  in  the  large 
nurseries ;  for  with  every  imaginable  expense, 
a  Series  of  intelligent  Nurses,  whose  charac- 
ters were  adapted  to  those  of  the  children, 
with  a  passion  for  their  occupation,  could  not 
be  procured.  The  richest  mother,  with  every 
outlay,  could  not  have  a  nursery  of  so  uniform 
a  temperature,  with  its  conveniences,  and 
the  company  of  other  children  ol'  the  same 
character,  who  would  mutually  divert  and 
amuse  each  other.  It  is  parrfcularly  in  the 
Education  of  early  Infancy  tkat  we  shall  see 
how  much  better'  the  chil(?fen  of  a  person  in 
the  most  moderate  circumstances  in  Associa- 
tion will  be  educated,  th*n  can  be  those  of  the 
richest  Potentate  at  pr/!sent. 

Everything  at  present  is  so  arranged  as  to 
make  an  infant  the  j6rment  of  an  entire  house, 
and  at  the  same  ti/^e  a  torment  to  itself.  The 
child  desires  irs^nctively  the  arrangements 
and  comforts  w^ich  it  would  find  in  the  nur- 
series of  an  Association,  and  for  want  of 
them,  it  disKacts  by  its  cries,  parents,  ser- 
vants and  neighbors,  while  it  injures  its  owa 
health. 

We  wHl  refer  briefly  to  the  first  germs  of 
intellectual  Education,  which  will  be  given 
in  Association  to  the  child  during  the  first 
and  second  years  of  its  age.  This  primary 
Education,  the  most  wealthy  Classes  cannot 


66 


SYSTEM   OF   EDUCATION. 


now  give  to  their  children.  A  great  expense 
is  often  incurred,  and  with  no  other  result 
than  to  pervert  the  character  of  the  child, 
misdirect  its  faculties  and  injure  its  health. 

At  the  age  of  six  months,  a  period  at  which 
at  present  not  the  least  instruction  is  given  to 
children,  the  greatest  care  will  be  taken  in 
Association  to  develope  and  refine  their  Senses, 
and  to  give  them  corporal  Dexterity ;  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  one  hand  or  arm,  which  renders 
the  other  awkward  and  in  part  useless,  will, 
for  example,  be  avoided.  A  correct  ear  for 
music  will  also  be  given  to  children  by  sing- 
ing trios  and  quartettes  three  or  four  times  a 
day  in  the  nurseries,  and  by  teaching  those 
who  are  old  enough,  to  march  to  the  sound  of 
instruments.  Methods  will  also  be  employed 
to  add  great  delicacy  and  acuteness  of  hearing 
to  correctness  of  ear,  and  to  perfect  the  other 
Senses. 

The  profession  of  Nurse  will,  consequently, 
require  numerous  qualifications,  and  will  not 
merely  consist  as  at  present  in  singing  songs 
out  of  tune,  and  in  frightening  children  with 
ghost  stories  to  keep  them  quiet.  The  Nurses 
will  study  the  means  of  preventing  their  cries, 
as  calm  is  necessary  to  their  health. 

The  noise  of  infants,  which  is  such  an  an- 
noyance at  present,  will  be  very  much  dimi- 
nished in  the  nurseries  of  an  Association. 
Those  of  a  restless  intractable  character  will 
be  less  turbulent,  less  noisy  than  are  at  pre- 
sent those  of  a  good-natured  character.  What 
means  will  be  employed  to  pacify  them? 
Will  the  nature  of  these  little  creatures  be 
changed  ?  No ;  but  diversions  and  amuse- 
ments will  be  procured  for  them  by  placing 
them  in  the  company  of  children  of  sympa- 
thetic characters.  The  most  noisy  will  cease 
their  cries,  when  they  are  placed  with  a 
dozen  other  little  creatures  as  intractable  as 
themselves.  They  will  silence  each  other  by 
their  screams,  something  like  those  bragado- 
cios  who  become  perfectly  mild  and  abandon 
their  overbearing  conduct,  when  they  are  in 
the  company  of  their  equals. 

Other  diversions  which  may  be  necessary 
will  soon  be  discovered  by  the  Nurses.  We 
will  here  merely  lay  down  in  principle  the 
necessity  of  laiiting  children  of  sympathetic 
character.  The  most  screaming  and  intract- 
able will  become  manageable  by  being  classed 
with  their  fellows,  and  will  quiet  each  other 
not  by  threats  or  funishraents,  but  by  the 
effect  of  that  corporate  impression,  which 
.softens  down  the  most  'urbulent  being,  when 
he  is  brought  into  contact  with  persons  like 
himself.  This  effect,  neiiUer  the  father  nor 
the  mother  can  produce :  the  child  harasses 
them,  and  harasses  itself. 

In  concluding  these  prelininary  remarks, 
let  us  lay  it  down  as  a  principle,  that  Man  is 
a  being  made  for  Harmony  and  for  all  kinds 
of  Association:  God  has  given  tc  every  age, 
inclinations  adapted  to  the  meaiiS  and  re- 
sources of  Association.  These  resources  are 
wanting  in  civilized  Society :  both  the  Child 
and  the  grown  Person  are  deprived  of  them ; 
and  as  the  child,  deprived  of  speech,  cannot 


explain  its  wants,  it,  of  all  ages,  suffers  the 
most  by  the  absence  of  the  Serial  organization. 
Infancy  being  less  provided  with  reason  than 
mature  Age,  insists  more  strongly  upon  the 
satisfaction  of  its  instincts— f)r  the  gratifica- 
tion of  which  no  means  now  exist.  It  pro- 
tests by  its  cries  against  its  subjection  to  a 
system  contrary  to  Nature— cries  which  are 
annoying  to  the  Parent,  and  hurtful  to  the 
Child.  The  education  of  Association  in  satis- 
fying fully  the  infant,  will  relieve  the  parent, 
and  render  two  beings  contented  who  are  now 
discontented.  Thus,  even  in  early  infancy, 
we  find  the  pernicious  action  of  our  false  sys- 
tem of  Society ;  it  engenders  double  Evil  in- 
stead of  the  double  Good,  which  Nature  de- 
signed for  us. 


EDUCATION  OF  THE  SECOND  ORDF.F.  OF  CHILDREN, 
FROM  THE  AGE  OF  TWO   TO   THREE  YEARS. 

We  now  arrive  at  the  period,  when  the 
initiation  of  the  child  into  Industry,  or  the 
awakening  in  it  of  a  taste  for  industrial  occu- 
pations, commences.  Unless  the  development 
of  industrial  Tastes  or  Instincts  be  early  com- 
menced, the  whole  system  of  Education  will 
be  a  failure. 

As  soon  as  the  child  can  walk  and  run 
about,  it  will  pass  from  the  first  Class  of  chil- 
dren, whom  we  will  call  the  Learners,  to 
the  Class  next  in  age.  If  the  child  has  been 
brought  up  from  its  birth  in  the  nurseries  of 
an  Association,  and  has  enjoyed  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  its  superior  methods,  it  will  be 
strong  enough  at  the  age  of  two  years  to  join 
the  children  of  this  class. 

As  soon  as  the  child  enters  the  class  of 
Learners,  it  is  confided  to  the  care  of  Indus- 
trial Teachers,  who  have  the  instruction  of 
this  age.  They  will  take  the  child  through 
all  the  workshops  of  the  Association,  and  to 
all  industrial  assemblages  of  children ;  and  as 
it  will  find  little  tools  and  little  workshops 
placed  alongside  the  large  ones,  where  chil- 
dren at  the  age  of  three  years  are  taught  to 
perform  some  trifling  branch  of  work,  it  will 
wish  to  mingle  with  them  in  their  occupar 
tions,  and  handle  the  tools ;  it  will  be  easy, 
in  consequence,  to  discover  at  the  end  of  a 
couple  of  weeks,  which  are  the  workshops 
that  attract  it  the  most,  and  for  what  branches 
of  Industry  it  shows  a  taste. 

As  the  branches  of  Industry  of  an  Associa- 
tion will  be  extremely  varied,  it  is  impossible 
that  the  child,  surrounded  by  them,  should 
not  find  the  means  of  satisfying  several  of  its 
predominant  instincts;  they  will  be  awaken- 
ed by  the  sight  of  little  tools,  handled  by 
children  a  few  months  older  than  them- 
selves. 

In  the  opinion  of  most  parents  and  teachers, 
children  are  "lazy  little  creatures:"  nothing 
is  more  false ;  children  from  two  to  three  years 
of  age  are  very  active,  but  we  must  know  the 
means  and  methods  which  Nature  employs 
to  attract  them  to  Indiistr\% 


SYSTEJI   OF   EDUCATION. 


67 


The  predominant  tastes  or  characteristics 
in  all  children,  are  : 

1st.  Propensity  to  pry  into  everything,  lo 
meddle  with  and  handle  whatever  they  see, 
and  to  vary  continually  their  occupations. 

2d.  Taste  for  noisy  occupations. 

3d.  Propensity  to  imitation. 

4th.  Love  of  iittle  tools  and  workshops. 

5th.  Progressive  influence  of  the  older  upon 
the  younger  children. 

There  are  many  others,  but  we  will  men- 
tion these  five  first,  which  are  well  known  at 
present.  Let  us  examine  the  application  to 
be  mad€  of  them  to  direct  the  child  in  its 
early  age  to  Industry. 

The  industrial  Tutors  will  first  avail  them- 
selves of  the  propensity  of  the  child  to  pry 
into  everything,  a  propensity  which  is  so 
strong  at  the  age  of  two  years.  It  wishes 
to  enter  everywhere,  handle  everything  and 
meddle  with  whatever  it  sees.  This  instinct 
in  the  child  is  a  natural  incentive  to  Industry. 
To  awaken  in  it  a  taste  for  its  occupations,  it 
will  be  taken  to  the  little  workshops,  where 
it  will  see  children  three  years  old  capable  of 
handling  little  hammers  and  other  tools.  Its 
propensity  for  imitation  will  be  aroused,  which 
it  will  wish  to  satisfy ;  some  little  tools  will 
be  given  to  it,  but  it  will  desire  to  take  part 
with  the  children  a  little  older  than  itself, 
who  know  how  to  work,  and  who  in  conse- 
quence will  refuse  to  receive  it. 

The  child  will  persevere,  if  it  has  a  decided 
inclination  or  instinct  for  the  branch  of  Indus- 
try. As  soon  as  the  Tutor  perceives  this,  he 
will  teach  it  some  little  detail  connected  with 
the  work,  and  it  will  soon  succeed  in  making 
itself  useful  in  some  trifle,  which  will  serve 
as  an  introduction. 

In  all  branches  some  trifling  details  will  be 
left  for  childhood  as  a  means  of  initiation  into 
Industry.  For  the  child  two  years  old  these 
occupations  must  be  very  easy  of  execution, 
but  in  performing  them,  ii,  will  believe  that  it 
has  done  something  of  consequence,  and  that 
it  is  almost  the  equal  of  children  some  months 
older  than  itself,  who  are  already  members  of 
Groups,  and  who  wear  their  little  ornaments 
and  uniforms,  which  inspire  with  profound  re- 
spect the  young  beginner. 

The  child  of  this  age  will  find  consequently 
in  the  little  workshops  of  an  Association  en- 
ticing occupations,  which  are  nowhere  pre- 
sented to  it  at  present,  and  which  will  d eve- 
lope  its  tastes  or  instincts  for  Industry.  These 
instincts  now  either  lie  dormant  or  are  en- 
tirely smothered. 

MEANS   OF   DEVELOPING  VOCATIONS,  OR  A  TASTE 
FOR    INDUSTRIAL    OCCUPATIONS. 

1st.  Charm  of  little  workshops  and  little 
tools,  graduated  in  size  to  suit  the  different 
ages. 

2d.  Charm  of  ornaments  and  uniforms :  a 
feather  at  present  often  suffices  to  bewitch 
the  country  lad,  and  induce  him  to  enlist ; 
what  then  will  be  the  power  of  handsome  or- 
naments and  uniforms  upon  the  child  in  in- 


ducing it  to  take  a  part  in  gay  and  happy 
Groups  with  its  equals  ? 

3d.  Privilege  of  appearing  on  parade,  and 
of  using  tools :  we  know  how  much  such  pri- 
vileges stimulate  children. 

4th.  Gaiety  and  animation,  which  always 
accompany  assemblages  of  children,  when 
they  are  engaged  in  Occupations  which  are 
pleasing  and  attractive. 

5th,  Propensity  to  imitation,  or  inclination 
to  follow  the  example  of  children  a  little 
older  than  themselves,  which  is  so  strong  in 
the  young  age,  and  which  acquires  a  ten-fold 
intensity  Avhen  their  emulation  is  excited  by 
the  exploits  of  Groups  of  children  a  little 
older  than  themselves. 

6ih.  Full  liberty  in  the  choice  of  occupations 
and  in  the  duration  of  the  same. 

7th.  Parcelled  exercise,  or  the  advantage  of 
choosing  in  each  branch  of  Industry  the  detail 
which  pleases. 

8th.  Attractive  eff'ect  of  large  assemblages, 
and  influence  of  a  regular  gradation  in  uni- 
forms, tools,  etc.,  adapted  to  merit  and  ages, 
which  is  the  only  system  that  charms  the 
child  and  can  call  forth  dexterity  in  Industry 
and  application  in  Study. 

9th.  Emulation  between  children  of  the 
same  class  or  age,  between  Groups  of  a  same 
class  or  Series,  and  between  divisions  of  a 
Group. 

10th.  Periodical  chances  of  promotion  to 
classes  higher  in  age. 

11th.  Admiration  for  works  which  appear 
prodigies  in  their  eyes,  and  which  are  per- 
formed by  groups  of  older  children — the  only 
beings  whom  the  younger  ones  choose  as 
models. 

The  combination  of  these  incentives  will 
develope  in  the  child  in  less  than  a  month 
three  or  four  of  its  primary  tastes  or  inclina- 
tions, which  with  time  will  call  out  others : 
inclinations  for  more  difficult  branches  will  be 
awakened  later. 

Of  all  the  means  of  awakening  a  taste  in 
the  child  for  Industry,  the  one  least  known 
and  most  perverted  at  present,  is  that  which 
we  will  term  the  Spirit  of  ascending  Imita- 
tion, or  the  tendency  of  the  child  to  imitate 
those  a  little  older  than  itself,  to  pay  defer- 
ence to  their  views  and  decisions,  and  to  con- 
sider it  an  honor  to  be  associated  with  them 
in  their  occupations  and  amusements. 

This  Spirit  of  ascending  Imitation  is  per- 
nicious in  its  operation  at  present,  because  the 
amusements  of  a  band  of  children  left  free, 
are  dangerous  or  useless ;  they  play  games  in 
which  they  run  the  risk  of  maiming  them- 
selves, acquire  bad  habits  and  learn  vulgarity 
of  language  and  manners.  In  Association, 
with  the  incentives  we  have  just  enumerated, 
these  same  children  would  be  led  to  devote 
themselves  actively  to  acquiring  industrial 
knowledge  and  skill. 

The  ignorance  of  the  true  application  of 
ascending  Imitation  shows  the  great  defect  of 
all  our  present  methods  of  education. 

The  child  has  no  taste  for  the  lessons  or 
instructions  of  the  father,  or  a  teacher  under 


68 


SYSTEM   OF  EDUCATION. 


his  orders ;  the  child  wishes  to  command  and 
not  to  obey  the  parent.  The  leaders  whom 
it  chooses  from  passion,  are  always  somewhat 
older  than  itself;  for  example : 

At  18  months,  it  admires  the  child  of  two 
years,  and  chooses  it  as  its  guide. 

At  2  years,  it  chooses  the  child  of  thirty 
months. 

At  3  years,  the  child  of  four. 

At  8  years,  the  child  of  ten. 

At  12  years,  the  child  of  fifteen. 

This  ascending  deference  will  be  greatly 
increased  in  strength,  if  tlie  child  sees  chil- 
dren a  little  older  than  itself  members  of 
Groups,  and  enjoying  a  merited  respect  for 
their  progress  in  Industry  and  Studies. 

The  natural  instructors  of  children  of  each 
age  are,  consequently,  those  a  Httle  superior 
in  age.  But  as  children  are,  for  want  of  pro- 
per occupation  to  satisfy  their  love  of  inces- 
sant activity,  more  or  less  inclined  at  present 
to  mischief,  and  entice  each  other  into  it,  it  is 
impossible  to  establish  among  them  a  grada- 
tion or  ascending  order  of  useful  impulses  and 
make  each  age  the  guide  of  the  next  younger ; 
this  can  only  take  place  in  the  Series,  out  of 
which  any  approximation  to  a  system  of  na- 
tural education  is  impossible. 

This  natural  system  of  education  will  be 
(Xie  of  the  wonders  which  will  be  admired  in 
the  first  Association.  The  different  Orders  or 
Ages  of  childhood  and  youth  will  direct  and 
educate  each  other,  as  Nature  wishes,  by  the 
influence  of  ascending  imitation,  which  can 
only  lead  to  the  good  of  the  whole ;  for  if  the 
highest  order  or  age,  (from  fifteen  and  a  half 
to  twenty,)  take  a  proper  direction  in  indus- 
try, in  studies  and  morals,  it  will  influence 
and  direct  rightly  the  next  younger  age,  (from 
twelve  to  fifteen  and  a  half,)  to  which  it  will 
serve  as  a  model.  The  same  influence  will 
be  exercised  by  children  of  twelve  upon  chil- 
dren of  nine ;  by  children  of  nine  upon  chil- 
dren of  six ;  and  thus  in  a  descending  order 
upon  children  of  four,  three  and  two  years 
of  age.  The  different  ages,  directed  by  the 
spirit  of  aacendinff  imitation,  will,  although 
left  to  their  full  liberty,  vie  with  each  other 
in  excellence  and  activity  in  Industry  and  so- 
cial Harmonies.  On  beholding  this  prodigy, 
it  will  no  longer  be  doubted  that  the  moral 
or  passional  powers  in  man,  developed  in  Se- 
ries, are  the  agents  of  the  Divinity,  directing 
him  to  his  greatest  good. 

The  funcdon  of  industrial  Tutor  is  of  high 
importance,  because  it  acts  upon  a  decisive 
epoch  in  the  education  of  the  younger  age ; 
if  the  child  succeeds  well  in  the  commence- 
ment of  its  industrial  education,  it  will  be  a 
guaranty  of  success  for  the  entire  career  of  its 
childhood.  Once  initiated  into  a  few  branches 
of  Industry,  it  soon  will  be  into  a  large  num- 
ber, and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  it  will  be  ac- 
quainted with  the  various  branches  of  agri- 
culture, manufactures,  arts  and  sciences,  with 
which  its  own  and  the  neighboring  Associa- 
tions are  engaged.  Let  us  examine  how  this 
result  will  be  effected. 


A  child,  were  it  the  son  of  a  man  of  the 

largest  fortune,  may  at  the  age  of  three  years 
exhibit  a  taste  for  cabinet-making  or  shoe- 
making,  and  wish  to  visit  the  workshops  of 
the  cabinet-makers  or  shoe-makers,  whose 
pursuits  will  be  in  Association  as  respectable 
as  any  other.  If  it  be  prevented  from  visiting 
their  workshops— if  its  inclination  for  shoe- 
making,  for  example,  be  thwarted,  under  the 
pretext  that  it  is  an  occupation  wanting  in 
intellectual  elevation,  it  will  take  a  dislike 
for  other  branches  of  Industry,  and  will  feel, 
no  interest  in  those  studies  and  occupations 
which  its  parents  wish  it  to  pursue.  But  if 
it  be  left  to  commence  as  attraction  directs — 
that  is  by  shoemaking — it  will  easily  be  in- 
duced to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  tanning,  then 
of  chemistry,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  various 
preparations  of  leather,  and  then  of  agricul- 
ture, so  far  as  pasturage  and  breeding  of  cattle 
have  an  influence  upon  the  quality  of  skins. 

Thus  the  child  by  degrees  will  be  initiated 
into  all  branches  of  Industry,  a  result  of  its 
primitive  inclination  for  shoemaking.  It  is 
of  but  little  consequence  how  it  commences, 
provided  it  acquires  in  the  course  of  its  youtli 
a  general  knowledge  of  the  various  branches 
of  Industry  of  its  Association,  and  that  it  con- 
ceives a  lively  affection  for  all  the  Series  from 
which  it  has  received  instruction. 


EDUCATION  OF  THE  THIRD  ORDER  OF  CHILDEEX, 
FROM  THE  AGE  OF  THREE  TO  FIVE  YEARS. 

In  the  development  of  capacities,  the  same 
system  will  be  applied  to  the  third  Order  of 
children — whom  we  will  call  the  Initiated — 
as  to  the  second  Order,  the  Learners,  for  there 
are  a  great  many  branches  of  Industry  en- 
tirely out  of  the  reach  of  a  child  of  three 
years,  and  for  which  its  tastes  cannot  be 
tested.  There  are  branches  of  work  which 
it  cannot  undertake  before  the  age  of  ten, 
others  before  the  age  of  fifteen.  After  the 
age  of  five  or  six,  emulation  alone  will  be 
sufficient  to  guide  the  child ;  but  up  to  that 
time,  means  of  artificial  development  must 
be  employed.  One  means  will  be  the  em- 
ployment of  all  those  playthings  which  are 
now  useless,  such  as  little  wagons,  wooden 
horses,  etc. —  playthings  which  Association 
will  make  use  of  to  initiate  children  of  three 
and  four  years  into  Industry.  An  example 
will  explain  this. 

George  and  Raymond,  who  are  nearly  three 
years  old,  are  impatient  to  be  admitted  to  the 
class  next  above  them  in  age — to  the  class  of 
the  Initiated,  who  wear  handsome  dresses> 
caps  and  plumes,  and  who  have  a  place  at 
parades,  but  without  taking  an  active  part. 
To  be  admitted  to  this  corporation,  they  must 
give  proofs  of  skill  and  dexterity  in  various 
branches  of  Industry,  and  to  attain  this  end 
they  apply  themselves  diligently.  These  two 
children  are  too  young  to  take  a  part  m  gar- 
dening. However  on  a  fine  morning  a  Tutor 
takes  them  to  the  gardens,  where  a  numerous 


SYSTEM   OF   EDUCATION. 


assemblage  of  children,  four,  five  and  six  years 
old,  have  just  made  a  collection  of  vegetables, 
which  they  are  loadinor  upon  little  wagons, 
drawn,  perhaps,  by  dogs  properly  trained.  In 
this  assemblage  are  two  friends  of  George 
and  Raymond,  who  have  been  recently  ad- 
mitted among  this  class  of  children. 

George  and  Raymond  desire  to  take  part 
with  these  groups:  this  is  refused  them,  and 
they  are  told  that  they  cannot  make  them- 
selves useful.  As  a  proof,  to  one  a  dog  is 
Sfiven  to  harness,  and  to  the  other  some  ra- 
dishes to  do  up  in  a  bunch ;  they  cannot  suc- 
ceed in  performing  the  task  allotted  to  them, 
and  the  older  children  reject  them  without 
pity— for  children  are  very  strict  with  each 
other  as  to  the  manner  of  performing  work. 

George  and  Raymond  seek  in  their  disap- 
pointment their  tutor,  who  promises  them 
that  in  three  days  they  shall  be  admitted,  if 
they  will  take  lessons  in  harnessing  and  doing 
up  vegetables.  They  afterwards  see  the  train 
of  elegant  little  wagons  depart :  the  groups 
of  children  put  on  their  belts  and  plumes,  and 
forming  in  a  column  around  the  standard,  fol- 
low to  the  music  of  their  little  bands, 

George  and  Raymond,  rejected  by  this  bril- 
liant assemblage,  return  with  tears  in  their 
eyes  to  the  Association,  in  company  with  their 
tutor.  Arrived  there,  he  takes  them  to  the 
rooms  where  the  playthings  are  kept;  he 
gives  them  a  wooden  dog  and  teaches  them 
to  harness  it  to  a  little  wagon ;  he  afterwards 
brings  them  a  basket  of  radishes  and  onions, 
made  of  pasteboard,  and  teaches  them  how 
to  put  them  up  in  bunches ;  he  then  proposes 
to  them  to  take  another  lesson  the  following 
day.  He  stimulates  them  to  avenge  the  af- 
front they  have  received,  and  holds  out  to 
them  the  hope  of  being  soon  admitted  to  the 
groups  which  rejected  them.  The  tutor  af- 
terwards takes  them  to  some  other  assem- 
blage of  children,  and  intrusts  them  to  the 
care  of  a  second  tutor,  after  having  finished 
his  two  hours'  instruction. 

Hie  next  day  the  two  boys  will  wish  to 
see  the  tutor  again,  and  repeat  with  him  the 
lesson  of  the  previous  day.  After  three  or 
four  lessons  of  the  kind,  he  will  take  them  to 
the  groups  employed  uncollecting  the  smaller 
kinds  of  vegetables,  in  which  they  will  know 
how  to  make  themselves  useful,  and  by  which 
they  will  be  received  as  candidates  for  admis- 
sion. On  return  at  eight  o'clock,  the  signal 
honor  of  being  invited  to  breakfast  with  the 
group,  will  be  conferred  upon  them. 

Thus  the  company  of  older  children  will 
direct  rightly  two  younger  ones,  who  in  civi- 
lized Society  would  be  led  by  them  to  commit 
all  kinds  of  mischief. 

We  here  see  an  example  of  the  useful  ap- 
plication of  playthings  in  Association.  Give 
a  child  at  present  a  little  wagon  or  drum,  and 
it  will  be  broken  to  pieces  the  same  day,  or 
if  not,  it  will  in  no  case  be  of  any  utility.  The 
Association  will  always  be  supplied  with  these 
playthings,  but  they  will  be  used  only  for  pur- 
poses of  instruction,  and  as  a  means  of  ini- 
tiating the  child  into  Industry.    If  it  be  per- 


mitted to  have  a  drum,  it  will  be  to  enable  it 
to  obtain  admission  to  a  band  of  young  musi- 
cians. Playthings  for  girls,  such  as  dolls,  etc. 
will  be  in  other  ways  of  as  much  use  as  little 
wagons  and  drums. 

Critics  will  probably  remark,  that  the  work 
done  by  the  dozen  little  cars,  could  be  more 
economically  performed  with  one  large  wagon. 
It  doubtlessly  could;  but  for  a  trifling  eco- 
nomy of  the  kind,  the  advantage  of  an  early 
familiarity  with  agricultural  occupations,  such 
as  harnessing,  loading  and  driving  little  wa- 
gons, would  be  lost,  besides  the  more  impor- 
tant advantage  of  exciting  an  interest  in  the 
child  for  the  various  branches  of  cultivation 
in  which  it  takes  a  part  by  the  performance 
of  these  little  details:  this  interest  will  he  ex- 
tended by  degrees  to  Agriculture  in  general. 
It  would  be  a  misplaced  Economy  to  neglect 
such  means  of  developing  capacities,  and  ex- 
citing an  attraction  for  Industry. 

Association  can  alone  oifer  to  children  in 
all  branches  of  Industry  an  assortment  of 
implements  and  instruments,  such  as  little 
wagons,  little  spades  and  saws,  graduated  in 
size  to  suit  all  ages.  This  adaptation  of  the 
size  of  tools  to  the  strength  of  the  child, 
charms  the  younger  age,  and  it  will  be  parti- 
cularly by  these  means  that  the  propensity  to 
imitation,  which  is  so  strong  in  children,  can 
be  made  use  of  to  the  greatest  advantage.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  remark,  that  edged 
tools  of  no  kind  will  be  entrusted  to  the  three 
first  orders  of  childhood. 

Various  little  privileges  will  be  conferred 
upon  the  different  Orders  of  children,  and  a 
variety  of  grades  or  ranks  will  exist  in  their 
industrial  Groups.  The  desire  of  obtaining 
these  distinctions  as  well  as  of  being  admitted 
to  the  privileges  of  the  higher  Orders,  will  be 
a  powerful  stimulus  to  children.  The  young 
age  being  but  little  taken  up  by  pecuniary 
considerations  and  not  at  all  by  love,  will  be 
alone  occupied  with  objects  like  the  above. 
Every  child  will  be  impatient  to  rise  from 
grade  to  grade  and  from  age  to  age,  and 
would  anticipate  the  period  of  promotion,  if 
it  were  not  restrained  by  strict  examinations. 
Each  Order  of  children  leaves  the  candidate 
for  admission  to  it  the  choice  of  the  branches 
of  Industry  in  which  it  wishes  to  be  exa- 
mined, for  it  is  of  but  little  consequence  what 
groups  it  joins.  The  child  has  only  to  give 
proofs  of  capacity  in  a  certain  number  of 
groups,  which,  in  receiving  it  as  a  member, 
certify  as  to  its  skill  and  acquirements.  The 
testimonials  of  a  group  are  based  upon  prac- 
tical examinations,  and  no  favor  can  obtain 
them,  as  the  child  must  execute  with  skill 
the  branches  of  work  in  which  it  is  exa- 
mined. 

When  children  of  the  class  of  the  Initiated 
wish  to  obtain  admission  to  the  class  of  chil- 
dren next  above  them,  they  will  have  to  go 
through  an  examination  by  the  class  they 
wish  to  enter  in  regard  to  industrial  Skill, 
corporeal  Dexterity  and  mental  Acquire- 
ments. 

1st.  They  must  possess  testimonials  of  being 


70 


SYSTEM   OF   EDUCATION. 


Skilful  ia  five  groups,  and  Learners  in  seven 
others. 

2d.  Undergo  an  examination  in  the  per- 
formance of  several  industrial  functions,  such 
as  the  use  of  tools,  driving  and  managing 
little  wagons,  performance  of  a  part  in  the 
little  bands  of  music,  and  lighting  and  covering 
fire  witii  intelligence  and  dexterity.  (There 
are  various  reasons  for  the  performance  of  this 
last  function.) 

3d.  Give  proofs  of  corporal  dexterity  by 
going  through  evolutions  and  exercises  of  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  body. 

4th.  Be  examined  on  a  scientific  problem, 
like  that  of  Economy  of  Means,  which  is  a 
primary  principle  in  Nature,  and  most  intelli- 
gible to  children  of  this  age. 

We  have  avoided  all  arbitrary  dictation  as 
ro  the  sentiments  and  opinions  to  be  deve- 
loped in  early  age.  We  shall  not  incur  the 
risk  of  falling  into  the  contradictory  vievA-'s 
and  theories  now  entertained.  To  ascertain 
a  true  system  of  Education,  we  have  a  sure 
guide  to  consult,  which  is  Attraction. 

Where  does  Attraction  (the  sum  or  synthe- 
sis of  the  desires  in  man,)  tend  ? 

1st.  To  Riches. 

2(].  To  Social  Affections. 

'^d.  To  Unity. 

It  is  upon  these  general  impulses  that  a 
true  system  of  Education  should  be  based. 
Our  present  systems  wish  first  to  teach  the 
child  the  sciences  and  principles  of  abstract 
rirtue,  which  it  cannot  comprehend ;  whereas, 
following  the  primary  and  earliest  tendency 
of  Attraction,  the  child  should  be  first  directed 
to  Compound  JRickes — that  is: 

To  corporeal  Dexterity  and  Health — which 
are  the  source  of  InLeriial  Riches. 

To  productive  Industry — which  is  the  source 
of  E.tternal  Riches. 

What  connexion  now  exists  between  Health 
and  our  schools,  in  which  the  child,  impri- 
soned and  suffering  cc»istraint,  is  tormented 
over  the  rudiments  of  grammar  or  latin  ? 
Its  mind  is  harassed  and  its  body  stunted. 
Our  systems  of  Education  are  consequently 
opposed  to  Nature,  for  they  violate  the  pri- 
mary requirements  of  Attraction,  which  tend 
to  Compound  Riches. 

Such  will  be  the  two  ends  of  the  early 
Education  of  Association.  It  will  first  initiate 
the  child  into  and  induce  it  to  exercise  various 
branches  of  Industry,  develope  methodically 
different  parts  of  the  body,  render  itself  useful 
in  various  branches  of  work,  and  enable  it  to 
obtain  by  the  exercise  of  this  variety  of  occu- 
pations, possession  of  the  two  Riches — Inte- 
gral Hkalth  and  Industrial  Skill.  The 
child  five  years  old  must  have  fully  attained 
these  two  ends. 

Up  to  the  afire  of  nine  years  the  education 
of  the  child  will  be  more  industrial  and  cor- 
poreal, and  after  nine,  n^ore  moral  and  intel- 
lectual. In  early  age  the  first  object  is  to 
secure  the  complete  action  of  the  corporeal 
functions,  and  simultaneous  development  of 
all  the  orsrans* 


We  have  given  an  example  of  the  means 

of  interesting  children  in  the  occupations  of 
Industry;  we  will  give  another  of  the  means 
of  interesting  them  in  Studies.  There  is 
hardly  any  fancy  more  general  in  parents 
than  that  of  having  forward  children ;  hence 
our  modern  systems  of  education  endeavor  to 
initiate  the  child  into  scientific  subtilities,  to 
teach  it  things  at  the  age  of  six  which  it 
should  not  commence  before  the  age  of 
twelve. 

Association  will  follow  the  natural  order 
of  things,  which  is  to  perfect  the  body  before 
it  educates  the  mind.  We  see  that  nature 
produces  the  blossom  before  the  fruit.  Asso- 
ciation will  follow  this  progressive  method  in 
education,  and  will  make  use  of  characters  as 
they  are,  Avilhout  aiming  at  precocity. 

Compound  precocity,  however,  will  be  one 
of  its  results ;  but  to  obtain  it,  children  must 
be  induced  from  their  early  age  to  take  a  part 
in  Industry,  which  in  the  present  system  pos- 
sesses no  attraction. 

Studies  should  follow  second  in  order,  and 
a  curiosity  awakened  by  industrial  occupa- 
tions should  lead  to  them.  In  childhood, 
study  must  always  be  connected  with  Indus- 
try, and  the  practical  occupations  of  the  latter 
must  awaken  in  it  a  desire  for  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge. 

Edmund,  for  example,  who  is  six  years 
old,  has  a  passion  for  doves  and  violeis,  and 
takes  an  active  part  in  the  groups  which  are 
occupied  with  them. 

To  induce  Edmund  to  attend  the  schools, 
resort  will  not  be  had  to  paternal  authority 
or  to  the  fear  of  punishment ;  the  hope  eveii 
of  rewards  should  not  be  held  out.  Edmund 
and  children  of  his  age,  must  be  induced  to 
solicit  instruction.  How  can  this  result  be 
effected  ?  By  exciting  their  curiosity  and  pro- 
ducing an  impression  upon  the  senses,  which 
are  the  natural  guides  of  the  child. 

The  Tutor,  who  presides  over  the  group  of 
children  occupied  with  the  care  of  doves,  and 
aids  them  with  his  advice,  brings  with  him 
to  their  meetings  a  large  book  containing  co- 
lored engravings  of  all  the  various  species  of 
doves,  among  which  are  those  of  their  Asso- 
ciation. 

Colored  engravings  are  the  delight  of  chil- 
dren five  and  six  years  old, — they  examme 
them  with  eager  curiosity.  Under  these 
"  pretty  pictures,"  is  a  short  description  of 
the  birds;  two  or  three  are  explained  to  the 
children ;  they  wish  to  hear  the  others  read, 
but  the  Tutor  informs  them  that  he  has  not 
time  to  comply  with  their  wishes. 

It  is  understood  by  others  to  whom  they 
may  apply,  that  they  will  not  explain  to 
them  what  they  wish  to  know ;  the  instruc- 
tion which  they  solicit  is  adroitly  refused 
them,  and  they  are  told  if  they  wish  to  know 
so  many  things,  they  have  only  to  learn  how 
to  read;  some  children  are  pointed  out  not 
older  than  themselves,  who,  possessing  this 
knowledge,  are  admitted  to  the  library  of  the 
younger  age. 

The  Tutor  then  takes  away  the  book  con- 


SYSTEM  OF  INTERNAL  GOVERNMENT. 


71 


taming  the  "  pretty  pictures,"  which  is  wanted 
in  the  schools.  The  same  means  are  used 
with  the  children  cultivating  violets;  their 
curiosity  is  excited  without  being  fully  sa- 
tisfied. 

Edmund  is  piqued  at  the  disappointment 
which  he  has  met  with  in  the  groups,  and 
wishes  to  learn  how  to  read  in  order  to  gain 
admittance  to  the  library,  and  see  the  large 
books  which  contain  so  many  beautiful  pic- 
tures. Edmund  communicates  his  project  to 
his  companion  Henry,  and  they  together  form 
the  noble  plot  of  learning  how  to  read.  This 
desire  once  awakened  and  manifested,  they 
will  be  aided  in  satisfyincf  it;  but  in  Associa- 
tion means  must  be  devised  to  induce  them 
to  solicit  instruction.  Their  progress  will  be 
a  great  deal  more  rapid,  when  study  is  the 
effect  of  attraction. 

We  have  here  put  in  play  one  of  the  pre- 
dominant tastes  of  children — the  love  of  co- 
lored engravings,  representing  objects  in  which 
they  take  an  interest,  because  they  are  con- 
nected with  their  industrial  pursuits. 

This  means  Avill  be  sufficient  to  awaken  in 
the  child  a  desire  of  learning  to  read.  If  we 
analyze  it,  we  shall  find  four  incentives — two 
material  and  two  mental — connected  with  it. 

1.  Material :  Impatience  of  knowing  the 
explanation  of  so  rnauy  pretty  pictures. 

2.  Material:  The  relation  between  these 
engravings  and  the  animals  and  vegetables 
with  which  the  child,  from  passion,  is  occu- 
pied. 

3.  Menial :  Tlie  desire  of  admission  to  the 
class  of  children  six  years  old,  who  would 
not  receive  him  if  he  did  not  know  how  to 
read. 

4.  Mental :  The  irony  of  the  more  forward 
children  of  his  own  age,  who,  knowing  how 
to  read,  ridicule  him  for  being  backward. 

Let  these  four-fold  means  of  Attraction  be 
applied,  and  the  progress  of  the  child  will  be 
as  rapid  as  it  will  be  slow  and  doubtful  if  re- 
course be  had  to  present  measures — to  the 
commands  of  the  father  or  a  tutor,  or  to  me- 
naces and  punishments. 

The  same  system  should  be  applied  to  all 
branches  of  studies,  such  as  writing,  gram- 
mar, etc.  A  double  inducement,  like  con- 
certed refusals  and  innocent  stratagems,  which 
awaken  emulation,  will  always  be  resorted 
to.  It  is  only  for  those  branches  of  studies, 
which  are  connected  with  the  industrial  oc- 
cupations of  the  child,  that  this  compound 
interest  can  be  awakened.  The  child,  conse- 
quently., should  commence  its  education  by  the 
practical  pursuits  of  Industry.  How  defec- 
tive and  partial  are  our  present  methods, 
which  endeavor  to  make  of  the  child  a  geo- 
metrician or  a  chemist,  before  interesting  it 
in  occupations  which  can  awaken  in  it  the 
desire  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  Chemistry 
and  Mathematics,  and  of  combining  those 
theories  with  its  industrial  pursuits.  It  is, 
consequenily,  m  Agriculiure,  Manufactures 
and  the  care  of  Animals,  that  the  education 
of  the  child  should  commence ;  it  enters  the 


schools  only  to  complete  the  introductory- 
knowledge,  which  it  has  acquired  in  the  in- 
dustrial groups  to  which  it  belongs. 

(Fourier  has  continued  the  subject  of  Edu- 
cation through  the  different  orders  of  childhood 
and  youth  to  the  age  of  twenty ;  he  has  de- 
voted nearly  two  hundred  large  octavo  pages 
in  his  principal  work  to  the  subject ;  and  has 
treated  it  in  the  most  complete  and  integral 
manner,  combining  the  greatest  minuteness 
of  detail  with  the  highest  and  most  universal 
views.  The  power  of  grasping  the  infinitely 
great  and  the  infinitely  small,  is  a  striking 
characteristic  of  his  genius.  The  condensed 
extract  which  we  have  presented,  of  the  edu- 
cation of  children  up  to  the  age  of  five  years, 
gives  but  an  imperfect  idea  of  the  complete- 
ness of  the  system  which  Fourier  has  elabo- 
rated, but  sufficient,  we  trust,  to  show  its 
immense  superiority  over  all  methods  of  in- 
struction at  present  employed.) 


SYSTEM  OF  INTERNAL  GOVERN- 
MENT IN  ASSOCIATION. 


There  can  be  in  Association  no  individual 
control,  dictation  or  tyranny.  With  the  uni- 
versal intelligence  and  independence  which 
will  exist  in  the  Combined  Order,  Govern- 
ment— social,  civil  and  religious — must  be 
the  result  of  the  collective  Will,  expressed  by 
vote,  and  as  it  concerns  all  alike,  it  must  be 
administered  alike  for  the  interests  of  all.* 


*  We  cannot  enter  into  a  scientific  explanation 
of  the  Government  of  the  Cotnl)ine<l  Order,  for 
10  do  so,  it  would  be  necessary  to  explain  the 
true  function  of  Government,  which  is  a  question 
of  an  intricate  and  profotmd  character:  we  will  state, 
however,  in  general  terms  that  it  is  the  securing  a 
full  and  harnvonious  Development  and  right  directfon 
of  the  moral  Powers  (the  passions  and  the  senti- 
ments) in  the  human  soul,  and  that  this  is  directly 
the  converse  of  the  function  of  Government  in  false 
and  subversive  Societies,  which  has  for  its  object  the 
general  repression  and  subjection  of  the  human  pas- 
sions and  sentiments.  We  have  an  illustration  of  the 
nature  of  the  function  of  true  Government  in  the 
Clergy,  whose  office  it  is  to  deveiope,  cultivate  and 
exalt  the  Religious  Sentiment.  In  the  Combined 
Order  there  will  be  Officers  whose  functions  in  re- 
gard to  the  other  radical  spiritual  elements  in  mau 
— of  which  there  are  twelve — will  be  analogous  to 
thai  of  the  Clergy  in  regard  to  the  Religious  Senti- 
ment. Every  radical  Passion,  as  well  as  the  Pivotal 
one  of  Religion,  will  have  its  Institution  and  its 
Officers,  and  the  object  of  all  will  be  a  complete 
moral,  intellectual  and  physical  development  of  Hu- 
manity. In  the  subversive  societies  of  the  world, 
under  the  period  of  social  discord  and  incoherence, 
called  the  "  Curse,"  which  prevails  during  the  in- 
fancy or  early  ages  of  Humanity,  and  which  is  a 
lime  of  social  weakness  and  ignorance,  the  passions 
are  in  a  general  slate  of  false  action  and  disorder : 
they  have  then  necessarily  to  be  repressed,  subdued 
and  controlled,  and  to  do  this  is  the. function  of  Go- 
vernment. The  religious  sentiment  being  the  high- 
est, and  the  tie  of  Unity  between  God  and  Humanity, 
has  commanded  respect,  maintained  its  position,  and 
performed  to  a  great  extent,  although  not  fully,  its 
true  function,  for  it  has  had  to  take  a  part  in  the 
general  work  of  repression  and  subjection. 

The  function  of  (iovei  nment  in  a  false  social  order 
being  mainly  the  repression  and  subjection  of  mis- 


72 


SYSTEM   OF   INTERNAL   GOVERNMENT. 


The  industrial  and  business  affairs  of  an 
Association  wiH  be  confided  to  Councils  elect- 
ed annually  bv  the  members.  There  will  be 
a  Council  at  the  head  of  each  depariraent  of 
general  interests,  composed  of  members  best 
qualified  to  (ill  the  various  departments.  The 
Council  first  in  rank  and  importance,  which 
we  will  superficially  describe,  will  be  the 
CouNcrL  OF  Industry.  This  Council  will 
supervise  the  Industrial  Interests  of  the  As- 
sociation. It  will  consist  of  those  persons 
who  possess  the  most  knowled::5'e,  skill  and 
experience  in  the  various  branches  of  Indus- 
try, and  in  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  As  in  As- 
sociation Women  will  take  an  active  part  in 
various  industrial  pursuits,  they  will  neces- 
sarily form  a  part  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Industry. 

The  function  of  the  Council  of  Industry 
will  not  be  mandatory  but  advisory  in  its  cha- 
racter. It  will  not  direct  and  order  what 
shall  be  done,  but  counsel  and  advise  wilh  the 
Groups  and  Series  as  regards  the  direction  of 
affairs.  Compo-ed  of  the  heads  of  the  Se- 
ries, and  the  members  most  distinfjuished  for 
their  practical  and  scientific  attainments,  the 
sU5^£^esiions  and  advice  of  ihis  Council  will 
always  be  received  with  deference  by  the  va- 
rious Groups  enoraa-ed  in  Industry,  but  its  opi- 
nion will  not  be  bindinof  or  oblia^atory.  For 
example,  the  Council  of  Industry  may,  from 
various  observations,  inform  a  Series  enf^a<^ed 
in  g-rowin<?  g'rain,  that  such  or  such  a  time  is 
the  best  for  reaping;  the  Series  will  receive 
with  deference  this  advice,  but  it  will  not  be 
obliged  to  follow  it,  for  as  the  responsibility 
of  success  and  the  direct  interest  rest  with 
each  Series,  it  must,  of  course,  have  the  power 
to  consult  its  own  wishes  in  regard  to  its  own 
branch  of  Industry,  but  as  the  general  inte- 
rests of  the  Council  and  the  Series  are  iden- 
tical, and  as  Science  and  true  Principles  will 
always  govern  the  enlightened  Producers  of 
Association,  the  Series  will  seldom  differ  in 
opinion  with  the  Council,  and  never  to  the 
sacrifice  of  important  interests. 

This  example  shows  how  the  intelliirence 
and  knowledge  of  the  Council  of  Industry 
will  be  brought  to  bear  upon  every  industrial 

f)ursuit,  and  confer  advice  that  will  be  inva- 
uable,  without  being  dictatorial,  or  interfering 
with  and  superseding  individual  opinion  and 
action.  Thus  the  workmen  of  every  Series 
in  an  Association  will  have  at  all  times  the 

directed  and  misdevelnped  human  Passions,  it  must 
have  Ofiicers  whose  functions  shall  correspond  to 
this  work.  This  explains  rhf-  existence  of  the  Exe- 
cutioner, of  the  Jailor,  the  ShorKf,  the  Gens-d'armes, 
the  Bailiff,  the  Police-nnn.  the  Judge,  and  other 
Officers  of  Courts,  together  with  Legislators  who 
enact  criminal  codes,  and  the  Jleads  of  Government 
"who  supervise  their  execution. 

The  pre>ent  system  of  Government  offers  us  in  its 
general  character  a  reversed  image  of  the  true  sys- 
tem of  Government,  and  can  be  studied  to  advantage 
by  contrasts  or  opposites. 

We  have  touched  upon  this  subject  to  show  that 
the  question  of  Government  ui  Association  is  solved 
by  the  socini  science  discovered  by  Fourier,  and  that 
it  is  based  in  Association  upon  scientific  and  natural 
Laws. 


advantage  of  the  advice  and  counsel  of  a  body 
of  experienced  men,  without  being  subject  to 
arbitrary  control  or  dictation. 

There  are  general  interests,  however,  con- 
fided to  the  Council  of  Industry,  in  which  it 
will  have  supreme  control.  With  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  qualities  and  capacities  of 
the  soil  of  the  Domain,  by  chemical  analysis 
and  other  means,  it  will  appropriate  it  to  dif- 
ferent uses  according  to  its  character,  and  the 
general  scenic  harmony  to  be  maintained  in 
its  distribution  ;  it  will  point  out,  for  example, 
where  fruit-orchards  and  vineyards,  meadows 
and  woodlands,  vegetable  and  flower  gardens 
shall  be  located ;  where  walls  and  hedges 
shall  be  placed,  and  the  principal  branches  of 
Industry  which  shall  be  prosecuted ;  it  will 
ascertain  the  value  and  importance  of  all  new 
inventions  in  the  mechanical  arts,  in  machi- 
nery and  implements,  new  discoveries  in  agri- 
culture and  improvements  of  all  kinds,  and 
introduce  them  accordingly,  and  will  take 
measures  to  procure  the  best  races  of  animals 
and  the  finest  varieties  of  fruits,  grains,  vege- 
tables, flowers,  shrubbery,  etc. 

In  manufactures  the  same  general  supervi- 
sion would  be  exercised  by  the  Council  of 
Industry.  It  will  be,  so  to  say,  the  Industrial 
CoUegd  of  the  Association,  and  will  shed  the 
light  of  its  science  and  its  array  of  talent  over 
all  the  industrial  affairs  of  the  community; 
and  at  all  times  the  Groups  and  Series  will 
find  it  an  intelligent  and  faithful  guide  to  aid 
and  direct  them  in  their  pursuits. 

As  the  Council  of  Industry  govenis  and  su- 
pervises the  Domain  and  the  Industrial  affairs 
of  the  Association,  other  Councils  will  govern 
and  resfulate  other  Departments,  and  noAvhere 
will  individual  Authority  be  exercised,  or  offi- 
cial power  be  oppressive. 

A  Council  of  Internal  Aerangebients 
would  have  the  management  of  the  internal 
affairs  of  the  Association,  such  as  letting  the 
apartments,  attending  to  the  daily  supplies  of 
provisions,  etc. 

A  Council  of  Arbiters,  who  will  settle 
by  arbitration  all  difficulties  and  differences 
that  may  arise  between  individuals  of  the 
Association,  and  judge  all  misdemeanors. 
When  Association  becomes  general,  and  the 
system  is  fully  carried  out,  this  Council  will 
be  done  away  wilh,  and  any  infraction  of  the 
laws  of  social  Harmony  will  be  judged  by  the 
Corporation  or  Series  having  the  maintenance 
of  those  laws.  We  will  cite  merely  one  ex- 
ample— cruelty  towards  animals,  Avhich  would 
come  before  and  be  judged  by  the  tribunal  of 
the  Sacred  Legion. 

Until  Association  is  fully  established  the 
Civil  Law  of  the  land  will  remain  in  force. 

A  Commercial  Council  will  effect  the 
sales  and  purchases  of  the  Association,  keep 
the  Books  or  Accounts,  and  have  charge  of 
the  Treasury.  The  members  of  this  Council 
would  be  required  to  give  secniity  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  their  trusts  and  the 
safetv  of  the  funds  confided  to  their  care. 

These  Councils  will  be  elected  annually  by 
the  members  of  the  Association. 


MEANS  OF   SPREADING   ASSOCIATION  AND   RENDERING   IT  TJNIVr.KSAL. 


73 


GENl'.RAL   GOVERNMENT. 

The  General  Government  of  the  Combined 
Order  will,  like  the  Internal  Government  of 
sinofle  ^Associations,  be  Representative,  and 
will  embrace  and  supervise  all  social  interests 
and  departments  of  human  activity.  There 
will  be  State,  National  and  higher  Le2:islative 
Bodies,  of  which  the  system  of  Government 
of  the  United  States,  with  its  State  and  Na- 
tional Legislatures,  ofives  a  i^eneral  idea. 
These  Le2:islative  Bodies  will  be  grand  Coun- 
cils of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  and  their 
mission  will  be  to  develope  the  resources  of 
Nations,  to  supervise  national  improvements, 
and  to  encourajT^e  and  perfect  Acrriculture, 
Manufactures,  and  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  for 
which  now  almost  nothinc:  is  done  by  jrovern- 
ment,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  partial  and 
indirect  attempts  to  encourage  Manufactures. 

The  energies  of  Government  throughout 
the  world  are  at  present  miserably  paralyzed 
by  partv  spirit,  and  wasted  in  party  intrigues; 
the  political  power  is  unfortunately  too  much 
in  the  hands  of  selfish  cliques  and  parlies,  and 
too  much  the  servant  of  Trade,  Capital,  Pri- 
vilege and  exclusive  interests.  In  the  Go- 
vernment of  the  Combined  Order  there  will 
be  Unity  of  purpose,  and  the  intelligence  and 
energy  centered  in  it  will  be  directed  to  the 
encouragement  and  development  of  Universal 
interests. 


MEANS  OF  SPREADING  ASSOCIATION 
AND  RENDERING  IT  UNIVERSAL. 


And  ttiis  Association  is  a  simple  tliinisr;  an  easy 
thin?;  a  liurinlnss  thing;  a  moral,  an  indns- 
trial,  a  refitiinar  tiling;  a  divine,  enthusiastic, 
and  relieinns  thin';.  Tiie  "{(rain  of  ninstHrd 
seed,  which  ind<^fd  is  tho  least  of  all  soeds,  I>ut 
•when  grown,  it  is  the  screatfst of  herhs."  And 
Association,  the  smallfst  of  all  reliijious  and 
political  fstahlishinents,  is,  in  spirit  and  in 
truth,  like  the  kinijifom  of  heaven;  and  the 
germ  of  the  hi;rhe«t  mid  the  sfreatest  Institu- 
tions in  both  Chuich  and  State. 

DOHERTY. 


The  idea  of  effecting  a  reform  in  the  pre- 
sent organization  of  Society  and  of  establish- 
ing a  new  Social  Order  in  its  place,  appears 
at  first  sight  so  vast  and  stupendous  an  under- 
taking, that  it  is  deemed  impracticable,  and 
beyond  the  means  and  power  of  Man.  An 
examination  of  the  subject,  however,  will  sa- 
tisfy the  most  incredulous  and  prejudiced 
minds  that  it  is  neither  wild  nor  impractica- 
ble, but,  on  the  contrary,  that  it  is  feasible 
and  easy,  and  that  Association  offers  us  the 
means  of  effecting  peaceably  and  in  the  inte- 
rest of  all  classes,  a  complete  transformation 
in  the  social  condition  of  the  world. 

The  whole  question  of  effecting  a  Social 
Reform  may  be  reduced  to  the  establishment 
of  one  Association,  which  will  serve  as  a  mo- 
del for,  and  induce  the  rapid  establishment  of 
others.  If  one  Association  be  established,  and 
it  is  of  little  consequence  where,  which  will 


prove  practically  to  the  world  the  immense 
advantages  of  the  system,  its  vast  economies, 
its  safe  and  profitable  investment  of  Capital, 
and  the  prosperity,  health  and  happiness 
which  it  will  secure  to  tnankind,  it  will  spread 
with  a  rapidity  which  the  most  sanguine 
cannot  anticipate. 

It  will  be  with  Association  as  with  all  those 
great  practical  improvements,  which  are 
adopted  at  once  and  by  general  consent  and 
approbation,  when  the  immense  benefits 
which  they  confer  are  demonstrated  by  ex- 
periment. The  Steamboat  offers  among  a 
thousand  others  a  striking  illustration  of  this. 
It  was  only  necessary  for  Fulton  to  build  one 
steamboat,  and  to  prove  to  the  world  by  one 
practical  experiment  the  great  advantages  of 
steam  navigation,  and  soon  the  rivers,  the 
lakes  and  even  the  oceans  of  the  world  began 
to  be  covered  with  them.  It  will  only  be  ne- 
cessary to  establish  one  Association,  and  de- 
monstrate by  one  successful  experiment  the 
immense  advantages  which  the  system  ofiers, 
and  the  same  results  will  follow,  except  that 
Association  will  spread  with  iniinitely  more 
rapidity  than  the  steamboat,  because  it  affects 
directly  all  the  interests  and  the  happiness  of 
mankind. 

An  Association  of  eighteen  hundred  persons 
is  the  primary  and  simplest  element  of  the 
social  Orsranization  Avbich  we  advocate,  and 
is  to  the  Combined  Order  what  the  Township 
is  to  the  present  Social  Order. 

What  is  a  Township  ?  It  is  the  smallest 
element,  germ  or  political  compact  of  the 
State.  In  what  does  it  consist,  and  what  is 
its  organization  ?  It  consists  in  a  tract  of 
land,  varying  considerably  in  size,  but  which, 
may  be  estimated  upon  an  average  at  about 
six  miles  square,  and  upon  which  reside  a 
greater  or  less  number  of  isolated  iiimilies, 
living  in  separate  houses,  on  separate  farms, 
and  with  interests  separate  and  distinct  from 
each  other;  it  has  its  civil  or  political  organi- 
zation, and  is  an  independent  little  body  poli- 
tic in  the  larger  one  of  the  Slate  or  Nation. 
The  Township  is  nearly  the  same  in  all  civi- 
lized countries:  in  England  it  is  called  the 
Parish;  in  France  the  Commune;  in  Ger- 
many the  Dorf ;  in  Italy  the  Paese ;  and  in 
some  parts  of  the  United  States  the  Hun- 
dred, but  generally  the  ToAvnship. 

A  State  or  Nation,  however  large,  is  but  a 
repetition  of  Townships,  as  a  City  is  but  a 
repetition  of  Houses.  The  United  States,  for 
example,  is  composed  of  States,  the  Slates  of 
Counties,  and  the  Counties  of  Townships; 
thus  the  United  States  is  but  a  repetition  of 
Townships.  And  as  a  City  built  of  badly 
constructed  houses,  is  a  mass  of  architectural 
deformity  and  disorder,  so  a  State  or  Nation 
composed  of  falsely  organized  Townships,  is 
a  mass  of  social  and  political  discord  and  in- 
coherence. Now  if  we  can,  with  a  know- 
ledge of  true  architectural  principles,  build 
one  house  rightly,  conveniently  and  elegantly, 
we  can,  by  taking  it  for  a  model  and  building 
others  like  it,  make  a  perfect  and  beautifd 
city :  in  the  same  manner,  if  we  can,  with  a 


74 


CITIES   IN   THE   COMBINED  ORDER. 


knowledge  of  true  social  principles,  organize 
one  township  rightly,  Ave  can,  by  organizing 
others  like  it,  and  by  spreading  and  rendering 
them  universal,  establish  a  True  Social  and 
Political  Order  in  the  place  of  the  old  and 
false  one. 

It  is  in  the  defective  or s:anization  of  the 
township  that  we  must  seek  for  the  causes  of 
existing  social  Evils  and  Disorder — of  repug- 
nant industry,  of  complication  and  waste,  of 
conflicts  of  the  individual  with  the  collective 
interest,  of  false  and  envious  competition,  of  a 
bad  application  of  labor  and  talent,  and  of 
poverty,  destitution  and  suffering.  These  de- 
fects, evils  and  disorders  being  common  to  all 
the  townships  of  a  state  or  nation,  the  result 
is  universal  social  evil  and  disorder. 

An  Association  such  as  Ave  propose,  is  no- 
thing niore  nor  less  than  a  rightly  organized 
township ;  it  Avill  require  a  tract  of  land  about 
three  miles  square,  on  which  about  eighteen 
hundred  persons  or  three  hundred  families 
will  reside  ;  and  instead  of  living  separately 
in  isolated  dwellings,  they  Avill  live  unitedly 
in  one  noble  edifice ;  there  Avill  be  economy 
and  order,  there  will  be  unity  of  interests, 
concert  of  action,  a  judicious  application  of 
labor,  capital  and  skill,  and  general  ease,  in- 
telligence and  affluence.  If  Ave  can  substitute 
peaceably  and  gradually  Associations,  or  right- 
ly organized  townships,  in  the  place  of  the 
present  falsely  and  defectively  organized 
iorvnships,  Ave  can  effect  quietly  and  easily, 
Aviihout  commotion  or  violence,  and  to  the 
advantage  of  all  classes,  a  social  transforma- 
tion and  a  mighty  reform. 

By  means  of  Association,  we  shall  be  able 
to  establish  order,  prosperity  and  harmony 
of  interests  and  action  in  the  primary  ele- 
ment— that  is,  in  the  foundation  of  society, 
and  these  characteristics  being  common  to 
all  Associations  or  reformed  townships  com- 
posing the  stale  or  nation,  the  result  will 
be  universal  order,  prosperity  and  social  har- 
mony. 

It  is  evident  then,  that  the  Avhole  question 
of  a  universal  Social  Reform  and  the  esta- 
blishment of  a  true  Social  Order  upon  the 
earth,  resolves  itself  into  the  right  organiza- 
tion of  one  single  township.  If  this  organi- 
zation is  known  (and  we  declare  that  Fourier 
has  discovered  it),  it  is  clear  that  there  Avill 
be  no  difficulty  in  reforming  the  present  sys- 
tem of  Society  and  establishing  a  true  one  in 
its  place. 

In  concluding,  let  us  point  out  briefly  the 
process  Avhich  Avill  be  followed  in  spreading 
Associations  and  rendering  them  universal. 
A  body  of  men,  inspired  by  the  great  idea  of 
a  social  reform,  Avill  unite,  who  Avill  found  a 
first  and  model  Association ;  when  the  Avorld 
sees  the  incalculable  advantages,  Avhich  unity 
of  interests,  truth  in  practice,  attractive  In- 
dustry and  a  complete  system  of  economies 
secure  to  them,  it  aa-III  begin  to  imitate  the 
movement  of  the  pilot  band;  a  second,  a 
third,  a  fourth,  a  fifth  Association  Avill  be 
founded,  until  a  district  of  country  is  covered; 
we  shall  then  see  a  large  tract  of  country 


spread  over  with  Associations,  instead  of  in- 
coherently organized  townships. 

If  a  district  can  be  covered  Avith  Associa- 
tions, it  is  certain  that  by  spreading  them,  a 
State  or  Nation  can  be  covered  ;  and  if  a  Na- 
tion can  be  covered,  a  Continent  can  be  co- 
vered; and  if  a  Continent,  the  whole  Globe. 
The  Avork  of  a  universal  social  Reform,  which 
noAV  appears  gigantic  and  impracticable,  Avill 
in  reality  be  simple  and  easy,  and  require  but 
a  commencement  upon  a  small  scale— one 
single  Association,  Avhich  Avill  exhibit  the 
truth  in  practice  and  couA^nce  the  Avorld  by 
ocular  demonstration. 


CITIES  IN  THE  COMBINED  ORDER. 


We  have  shown  that  Universal  Association 
is  contemplated  by  its  advocates,  and  that  the 
reform  Avhich  will  lead  to  it  can  be  effected 
peacefully  and  gradually,  Avithout  injury  to 
any  class  or  any  interest  in  society.  The 
universal  establishment  of  this  new  Social 
Order,  renders  it  necessary  that  Cities  should 
be  provided  for;  the  doctrine  of  Association 
Avould  be  incomplete  and  imperfect,  if  it  did 
not  provide  for  universal  and  collective  ar- 
rangements in  Society,  as  well  as  for  the  de- 
tails and  minute  arrangements  of  a  single 
Association.  Cities  are  necessary  parts  of  the 
social  machine,  and  Ave  Avill  briefly  glance  at 
their  construction  and  arrangement  in  the 
Combined  Order,  for  they  must  differ  mate- 
rially and  widely  li-om  Cities  of  the  present 
social  order. 

The  contrast  betAveen  the  Cities  of  the 
Combined  Order  and  the  Cities  of  existing 
society,  will  be  as  striking  and  as  brilliant  as 
the  contrast  between  the  comforts  and  splen- 
dours of  an  Association  or  combined  house- 
hold, and  the  inconveniences,  monotony  and 
dulness  of  the  single  or  isolated  household. 

What  is  the  general  character  of  a  City  in 
civilized  Society?  and  what  will  it  be  in  the 
Combined  Order  ?  A  brief  answer  to  these 
questions  may  convey  to  the  reader  an  idea  of 
the  difference  between  them. 

A  City  at  present  is  a  heterogeneous  mass 
of  small  and  separate  houses  of  all  sizes, 
shapes,  colors,  styles  and  materials,  which 
are  croAvded  together  without  regard  to  ar- 
chitectural unity  or  design,  convenience  or 
elegance ;  it  is  cut  up  Avith  irregular  and  nar- 
roAv  streets,  dark  lanes,  confined  courts,  and 
cramped  yards -and  alleys;  it  has  its  dirty 
and  muddy  streets,  that  annoy  the  inhabi- 
tants; its  filthy  gutters  that  fill  the  atmo- 
sphere with  noxious  exhalations  Avhich  are 
injurious  to  health,  and  presents  a  scene  of 
confusion,  incoherence,  waste  and  disorder. 

A  City  of  civilized  Society  is  a  vast  and 
croAvded  receptacle  of  human  beings  not  con- 
nected with  each  other  in  friendly  union  and 
orderly  association,  but  huddled  together  in 
conflicting  and  antagonistic  aggregation.  It 
is,  for  the  most  part,  a  sink  of  poverty,  and 
Avith  its  isolated  dAvellings,  the  hiding  place 


COMMERCIAL    CITIES   AND   COMMERCE. 


75 


of  a  thousand  vices  and  crimes.  All  that  our 
civilized  Cities  can  boast  of  in  regard  to  riches 
and  splendor,  inielligence,  refinement  and  en- 
joyment, serves  but  to  render  the  poverty, 
the  ignorance,  the  degradation  and  suffering, 
which  abound  in  them,  more  hideous  and 
painfully  disgusting. 

The  cities  and  capitals  of  Association  must 
contrast  most  powerfully  with  those  of  civi- 
lized Society,  and  they  Avill  do  so.  A  City  in 
the  Combined  Order  will  be  a  Group  of  mag- 
nificent Associations,  disposed  with  order  and 
unity  of  design,  surrounded  by  noble  and  ex- 
tensive gardens  and  grounds,  for  the  recrea- 
tion and  healthy  occupation  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, in  which  all  the  beauties  of  nature  and 
the  perfections  of  art  will  be  combined  and 
united  to  charm  and  delight. 

For  every  twelve  Associations  there  will  be 
one  Association  which  will  be  the  Capital  or 
head  of  tiie  twelve,  corresponding  in  some 
degree  to  the  county  town  of  a  county.  It 
will  be  the  administrative  centre  of  the  As- 
sociated County,  and  at  it  will  be  held  the 
periodical  exhibitions  of  Industry,  Art  and 
Science,  public  celebrations,  etc. 

A  District  of  country  comprising  several 
Associated  Counties,  or  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  Associations,  will  have  a  larger  Ca- 
pital, formed  of  a  Group  of  Associations,  as 
above  described. 

A  Stale  composed  of  several  Associated 
Districts,  will  have  a  larger  Capital,  formed 
of  a  Series  of  Associations,  or  of  a  number  of 
single  Associations  arranged  in  Serial  order. 
Nations  and  Continents  will  have,  likewise, 
their  Capitals,  which  will  be  embellished  and 
adorned  with  all  the  resources  of  creative  Art 
and  Industry,  and  the  magnificence  of  which 
can  only  be  conceived  when  we  consider  the 
wealth  and  power  of  Nations  in  Universal 
Association,  and  the  collective  pride  and  inte- 
rest which  they  will  take  in  all  grand  unitary 
arrangements. 

The  science  of  Association  teaches  us  the 
Unity  of  the  Human  Race,  and  that  this  unity 
requires  universal  unitary  arrangements — po- 
litical, social  and  religious — corresponding  to 
their  poliiiral,  social  and  religious  Unity,  with 
grand  central  Metropolises  for  the  regulation 
and  jTOvernrnenl  of  the  affairs  relating  to  these 
Unities.  Thus  the  Cities  of  the  Combined 
Order  will  be  great  Centres — administrative, 
scientific,  industrial,  artistic  and  religious — 
each  for  the  region  -over  which  it  presides. 
There,  the  Legislative  Bodies  and  great  Coun- 
cils of  Industry,  Art  and  Science,  and  the 
great  annual  industrial,  artistic  and  scientific 
exhibitions  will  be  held ;  and  there  also  will 
be  located  the  grand  galleries  of  Art,  the 
scientific  collections,  the  libraries,  universi- 
ties, etc.,  upon  a  scale  much  more  extensive 
and  magnificent  than  those  of  single  Associa- 
tions. 

The  Cities  in  the  Combined  Order  will  be 
centres  of  collective  Knowledge,  which  they 
will  draw  and  collect  in  fragments  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  again  communicate 
it  to  every  Association,  each  to  those  of  the 


I  region  over  which  it  presides,  so  that  every 

j  new   improvement,   invention    or    discovery 

/  made  of  value  to  Mankind,  may  become  at 

\  once  universally  known  and  available. 


COMMERCIAL  CITIES  AND  COM- 
MERCE. 


A  Commercial  City  in  Association  will,  like 
the  Capitals  we  have  described,  be  composed 
of  a  Group  or  a  Series  of  Associations,  and 
when  properly  situated,  fulfil  the  function  of 
Capitals.  Each  Commercial  City  will  receive 
the  products  of  the  different  Associations  of 
the  region  in  which  it  is  situated,  and  sell  and 
transmit  them  to  other  parts  of  the  world, 
and  in  turn  it  will  receive  the  products  of  all 
other  regions  and  districts,  and  distribute  thera 
among  the  Associations,  of  which  it  is  the 
commercial  centre  and  entrepot,  as  required. 
It  will  be  their  Factor  or  Commission  Agent, 
and  it  will  open  accounts  with  each  one  upon 
its  books,  something  as  an  importing  or  whole- 
sale house  now  does  with  country  merchants ; 
it  will  credit  them  for  products  received  and 
debit  them  for  products  supplied,  making  an 
annual  settlement  of  accounts,  when  balances 
will  be  paid  in  cash.  It  will  have  its  vast 
warehouses,  each  devoted  to  a  particular  class 
of  products  or  goods — to  woollens,  to  cottons, 
silks,  sugars,  oils,  spices,  liquids,  etc.  etc. — 
arranged  with  the  most  perfect  system. 

All  trade  in  the  Combined  Order  will  be- 
come Wholesale,  and  will  be  prosecuted  in 
the  most  direct  and  economical  manner,  and 
upon  Commission,  and  will  be  under  the  di- 
rection of  Boards  of  Trade,  who  will  be  fully 
informed  of  the  commercial  wants  of  the 
world,  and  thereby  be  enabled  to  give  suchi« 
advice  to  their  respective  Associations  as  to-i 
preserve  equilibrium,  or  proportion,  between 
Production  and  Consumption. 

Under  these  grand  unitary  arrangements, 
in  which  economy  and  practical  truth  will  be 
secured  by  the  highest  collective  wisdom. 
Commerce  will  perform  her  true  function  of 
DISTRIBUTION  and  EXCHANrxF,  of  the  products 
of  Industry,  and  the  various  evils  and  dis- 
orders inseparably  connected  with  the  present 
Commercial  system,  and  which  grow  out  of 
the  uncontrolled  spirit  of  gain  and  irrespon- 
sible individual  action,  such  as  overstocking 
markets  at  one  time  and  place,  and  scarcity 
of  supplies  at  another,  frauds,  adulterations, 
monopolies,  and  factitious  and  arbitrary  prices, 
will  all  cease  to  exist,  and  ruinous  fluctua- 
tions and  periodical  revulsions  in  trade,  be 
effectually  guarded  against. 

All  restrictions  and  prohibitions  which  fet- 
ter and  shackle  the  exchange  of  products 
between  Nations  will  be  abolished  in  the 
Combined  Order,  and  universal  free  trade 
will  exist ! 

Connected  with  this  subject,  two  consider- 
ations trise,  requiring  a  brief  explanation. 
Free  Trade,  the  beau  ideal  of  one  class  of 
political  economists  and  statesmen,  will  exist 


76 


PREJUDICES  OF  THE  WORLD  AGAINST  ASSOCIATION. 


in  the  Combined  Order,  first,  because  it  is 
just  and  equitable,  and  the  true  and  natural 
law  of  industrial  relations  and  intercourse ; 
and,  second,  because  the  circumstances  which 
now  prevent  its  being  carried  out  and  prac- 
ticed amongst  nations  will  in  that  Order  be 
removed. 

Government  in  Association,  will  derive  its 
Kevenue  from  direct  taxation,  now  imprac- 
ticable, and  the  collection  of  it  will  be  simple 
and  easy.  Every  Association  will  pay  its 
taxes  to  the  General  Government  as  a  collec- 
tive body;  which  will  be  taken  out  of  the 
general  fund  or  product  before  a  division  of 
profits  among  the  members  is  made.  This 
will  strip  direct  taxation  of  its  onerous  and 
hateful  character,  by  releasing  the  individual 
from  the  assessment^  and  malring  it  collective  ; 
and  will  render  all  the  expensive  machinery 
of  collecting  the  Revenue  through  Custom- 
Houses,  Tax-gatherers,  etc.,  unnecessary,  as 
dues  will  be  paid  directly  into  the  National 
Treasury,  without  the  intervention  of  collect- 
ing officers. 

But  the  ijreat  principle  of  Free  Trade  will 
be  admissible  in  practice  in  the  Combined 
Order,  for  the  two  following:  reasons : — 

1st.  Every  Association  will  prosecute  ma- 
nufactures as  well  as  agriculture,  so  that 
these  two  primary  branches  of  Industry  will 
always  be  combined.  Thus  the  people  of  all 
countries  will  be  able  to  produce  the  great 
majority  of  the  articles  of  consumption  which 
they  require,  and  exchanges  will  take  place  be- 
tween localities,  countries  and  zones  of  those 
products  only,  which  are  peculiar  to  and  are 
produced  in  the  greatest  perfection  in  each. 
American  talent  and  labor,  for  example,  can 
produce  cloths,  cottons,  porcelain  or  cutlery, 
as  Avell  as  French  or  English  talent  and  labor ; 
and  it  is  the  height  of  absurdity  to  transport 
such  articles  to  a  distance  of  four  or  five 
thousand  miles,  paying  often  more  in  trans- 
portation and  profits  to  commercial  agents 
than  the  original  cost  of  production. 

2d.  Attractive  Industry  will  establish 
throughout  the  world  one  nniform  price  for 
labor,  and  as  a  consequence  one  uniform  price 
for  the  products  of  Industry,  As  the  system 
of  hired  labor  will  be  done  away  with — as 
machinery  and  the  soil  Avill  not  be  monopo- 
lized by  the  few,  but  will  be  open  to  all— as 
man  will  not  be  constrained  to  labor  from  po- 
verty and  want,  and  as  the  Ri.iht  of  Labor 
and  the  choice  of  occupations  will  be  secured 
to  him,  it  follows  that  all  Labor  will  be  iirom 
the  spontaneous  desire  of  man  to  be  active,  and 
consequently  that  there  will  be  one  universal 
standard  of  value  for  Labor,  based  upon  the 
unity  of  human  attractions. 

Besides,  there  will  be  no  impoverished  and 
degraded  Laboring  Classes  in  any  country, 
whose  cheap  productions,  if  introduced  freely 
into  other  countries,  where  the  same  Classes 
were  more  prosperous  and  in  better  condition, 
would  lower  and  degrade  them  to  their  own 
level,  or  break  up  the  Industry  of  those  coun- 
tries; there  will  be  no  necessity  for  prohi- 
bitory and  protective  tariffs  and  other  com- 


mercial restrictions.  Excessive  production  in 
some  countries  and  the  prostration  of  Indus- 
try in  others,  will  be  prevented ;  that  is  to 
say,  equilibrium  will  be  maintained  in  the 
great  work  of  Production,  by  means  of  At- 
tractive Industry  and  the  equal  capacities  of 
mankind  to  produce. 

Free,  or  more  properly  named,  false  and 
anarchical  Competition,  is  the  foundation 
upon  which  Industry  and  Commerce  are  now 
based  ;  and  the  great  error  is  to  wish  to  esta- 
blish universal  Free  Trade  upon  this  false 
basis — this  antagonism,  conflict  and  disorder 
in  industrial  and  commercial  relations. 

Thus  Association  will  effect  a  great  com- 
mercial reform,  solve  the  great  problems  of 
Free  Trade  and  Direct  'J'axation,  and  end  the 
political  strife  and  antagonism  wbijh  they 
generate — as  it  will  all  other  political  discords 
— by  establishincr  justice,  order  and  unity  in 
the  elementary  foundations  of  society. 

It  need  not  be  feared  that  Commerce  will 
be  diminished  in  the  Combined  Order,  by 
rendering  manufactures  universal  in  ?11  na- 
tions, and  making  it  consist  of  exchanges  in 
tbe  products  of  different  localities,  climates 
and  zones.  On  the  contrary,  Commerce  will 
be  increased  immeasurably.  The  poor,  who 
now  compose  the  vast  majority  of  mankind, 
are  but  very  limited  consumers  of  foreign. 
products;  consequently  foreign  commerce  is 
principally  sustained  by  the  wants  of  a  snjall 
minority.  In  Association,  where  all  persons 
will  possess  abundance,  there  will  not  be  that 
restricted  consumption  that  there  now  is,  and 
all  will  become  consumers  of  the  products  of  all 
the  zones.  In  a  Social  Order  which  will  en- 
able every  individual  to  enjoy  the  comforts  and 
delicacies  of  the  world,  a  gigantic  develop- 
ment will  be  given  to  commerce,  and  the  re- 
lations between  districts,  nations  and  conti- 
nents immensely  extended. 


PREJUDICES  OF  THE  WORLD  AGAINST 
ASSOCIATION. 


Among  the  various  prejudices  which  exist 
asfainst  Association,  we  will  quote  the  two 
following  from  Fotjrier. 

1st.  infer  KNCE  DRAWN  FROM  A  SMALL  OB- 
STACLE TO  A  LARGER  ONE. 

2d.  DAZZLING  CONTRAST  BETWEEN  GOOD  AND 
EVIL. 

1st.  ERROR.  Inference  drawn  from  a  small 
obstacle  to  a  larger  one.  Since  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  associate  two,  three,  or  four  families, 
or  even  ten  to  twelve,  the  conclusion  has  been 
drawn  that  it  would  be  still  more  impossible 
to  associate  two  or  three  hundred. 

The  world,  in  this  opinion,  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  timid  mariners,  who,  before 
Christopher  Columbus,  dared  not  advance 
more  than  six  or  eight  hundred  miles  into  the 
Atlantic,  and  who  returned  dismayed,  declar- 
ing that  the  ocean  was  an  endless  waste,  and 
that  it  was  madness  to  venture  upori  it.  Had 
some  bolder  navigator  extended  his  voyage 


PROPOSALS  FOR  ORGANIZING  AN  ASSOCIATION. 


77 


twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  miles  without  find- 
ing America,  it  would  have  been  declared  that 
the  hypothesis  of  a  new  Continent  was  with- 
out foundation.  If  at  length  a  vessel,  with 
still  more  temerity,  had  advanced  westward 
twenty-five  or  thirty  hundred  miles,  it  would 
also  have  returned  without  success,  and  in 
that  case  the  existence  of  a  new  Continent 
would  have  been  declared  a  wild  chimera  : 
however,  to  succeed,  it  was  only  necessary  to 
persist,  push  onward,  and  proceed  a  few  hun- 
dred miles  further. 

Such  was  the  method  to  be  followed  in  the 
study  of  Association.  It  required  no  other 
effort  of  genius  than  to  persevere,  go  on  and 
not  be  discouraged  by  the  failure  of  small 
trials,  but  to  continue  gradually  increasing 
them.  If  trials  with  four  families  failed,  we 
should  have  speculated  upon  eight;  failing 
with  eight,  we  should  have  speculated  upon 
sixteen ;  failing  with  sixteen,  we  should  have 
tried  thirty-tAVo;  then  sixty-four.  Arrived  at 
this  point,  success  would  have  followed,  pro- 
vided the  law  of  the  Groups  and  Series  was 
discovered — ^which  discovery  is  easy,  when 
trials  are  made  with  three  hundred  and  fifty 
or  four  hundred  persons. 

2d.  ERROR.  The  dazzling  contrast  between 
good  and  evil.  This  is  an  error  common  to 
both  the  Learned  and  the  Ignorant.  The 
Riches,  Unity,  and  other  immense  results, 
which  Association  promises,  disconcert  the 
generality  of  Mankind,  accustomed  to  the 
miseries  of  our  civilized  society.  They  de- 
clare that  such  results  are  chimeras  ;  that  so 
much  happiness  is  not  made  for  man ;  that 
they  are  illusions  of  Harmony,  which  is  not 
possible.  This  contrast  of  a  happy  future 
with  the  present  miserable  state,  has  become 
a  general  obstacle  to  investigation,  and  it  is 
the  second  of  inexcusable  inadvertencies.  To 
appreciate  its  falseness,  let  us  compare  it  with 
some  other  erroneous  prepossession  of  the 
same  kind,  which  experience  has  now  dissi- 
pated. 

For  four  thousand  years,  the  world  did  not 
hope  to  discover  a  safe  nautical  guide,  like 
the  mariner's  compass  ;  it  did  not  even  think 
of  searching  for  it,  and  navigators,  although 
victims  of  shipwrecks,  had  become  accustom- 
ed to  consider  them  as  an  unavoidable  Evil. 
How  many  among  them  for  the  want  of  this 
guide,  the  discovery  of  which  was  so  easy, 
must  have  murmured  against  Providence ! 
Now  that  we  possess  it,  we  see  what  dupes 
the  Mariners  of  Tyre  and  Carthage,  who  were 
deprived  of  it,  would  have  been,  had  they  re- 
fused to  believe  in  the  possibility  of  such  a 
discovery — as  easy  of  being  made  then  as  in 
the  twelfth  century.  If  some  Inventor  had 
appeared  among  them  with  this  inestimable 
guide,  promising  to  direct  vessels  in  the  dark- 
ness of  night  as  well  as  at  noonday,  how  great 
would  their  folly  have  been,  had  they  answer- 
ed, before  any  trial  had  been  made,  that  it  was 
impossible ;  that  so  much  happiness  was  not 
made  for  Mariners. 

The  present  Age  falls  into  the  same  puerile 
error  respecting  Association,  declaring  that  it 


is  impossible ;  that  so  much  happiness  was 
not  made  for  Man.  The  scientific  World 
commits  this  mistake  whenever  speculations 
of  use  to  Mankind  are  entered  into ;  it  aban- 
dons all  search  before  the  sage  word  Impossi' 
hie. 

The  more  an  operation,  the  means  of  real- 
izing which  we  are  ignorant  of,  is  proved  use- 
ful, the  more  firmly  we  should  believe  that 
the  Creator,  convinced  of  its  utility,  would 
have  reserved  measures  for  realizing  it.  This 
conviction  would  have  been  a  powerful  stim- 
ulus to  investigation;  but  such  a  conviction 
requires  an  age  impressed  with  a  true  hope 
in  the  Divinity,  and  a  profound  faith  in  the 
Universality  of  his  Providence.  And  what 
will  be  the  surprise  of  the  present  Age,  when 
it  sees,  that  Association,  which  it  declared 
impossible,  owing  to  the  magnificence  of  its' 
results,  is  precisely  the  order,  for  which  God 
has  created  the  kingdoms  of  nature,  subject 
to  our  Industry,  and  for  which  above  all  he 
has  made  the  Passions,  now  so  rebellious 
against  our  civilized  system  of  industrial  in- 
coherence, and  present  social  institutions. 


PROPOSALS  FOR  ORGANIZING  AN 
ASSOCIATION. 


With  the  view  of  realizing  in  practice  as 
speedily  as  possible  the  principles  of  Associa- 
tion and  Unity,  discovered  by  Charles  Fourier 
and  explained  (in  part)  in  this  pamphlet,  the 
friends  of  Association  in  the  City  of  New 
York  have  adopted  the  following  Conslitutioa 
or  Articles  of  Agreement,  which  they  present 
to  the  public  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
subscription  to  the  Capital  Stock  therein  pro- 
vided for,  and  to  establish  an  Association  to 
be  called  the  North  American  Phalanx. 

The  main  object  of  the  first  Association 
should  be  to  demonstrate  to  the  world  that 
Industry  can  be  rendered  Attractive,  and  that 
the  springs  of  action  in  the  human  soul — the 
Passions — can  be  Harmonized  so  perfectly  as 
to  produce  collective  Good  alone  and  individual 
Happiness.  To  effect  this  object,  a  strictly 
scientific  organization  must  be  given  to  the 
Association,  and  an  application  made  of  the 
Serial  law,  or  the  law  of  Groups  and  Series 
of  Groups,  to  Industry.  This  cannot  be  done 
advantageously  with  a  smaller  number  of 
persons,  men,  women  and  children,  than  four 
hundred,  and  upon  a  tract  of  land  of  less 
than  1000  acres :  the  present  proposal,  there- 
fore, contemplates  the  least  number  of  persons 
and  the  smallest  amount  of  land  for  the  first 
practical  trial  that  will  answer  to  prove  the 
truth  of  the  doctrine  of  Attractive  Industry 
and  the  Harmony  of  the  Passions. 

Great  Economies  and  many  Moral  and  So- 
cial advantages  will  certainly  result  from  the 
rudest  and  most  imperfect  forms  of  Associa- 
tion, as  already  exemplified  in  several  small 
Societies  in  this  and  other  countries,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  they  will  be  formed  in  all  sections 
of  the  country;  but  the  grand  results.  Ax- 


78 


PROPOSALS  FOR  ORGANIZING  AN  ASSOCIATION. 


TRACTIVE  Industry  (to  be  understood  in  its 
highest  sense — Industry  prosecuted  with  ar- 
dor and  delight,)  and  Harmony  of  the  Pas- 
sions, which  will  awaken  the  attention  and 
command  the  admiration  of  the  world,  and 
lead  to  general  and  rapid  imitation,  can  be 
reaUzed  only  upon  a  scale  which  will  permit 
the  prosecution  of  a  great  variety  of  branches 
of  Industry — in  Mechanics,  Manufactures  and 
Agriculture,  and  secure  extended  social  rela- 
tions. 

Let  us  establish  one  Model  Association, 
which  will  silence  scepticism  by  ocular  de- 
monstration, (a  kind  of  proof  that  a  world, 
having  no  Confidence  in  its  own  powers  of 
Reason,  and  no  Faith  in  Providence,  requires 
in  order  to  believe,)  and  arouse  up  by  its 
splendid  results  the  latent  enthusiasm  of  ar- 
dent souls,  and  the  greatest  work  ever  per- 
formed upon  the  earth  will  be  really  com- 
menced— a  holy  and  glorious  work,  in  which 
all  mankind  will  unite  with  concentrated 
energy  and  power ;  —  then  will  begin  the 
grand  universal  transformation  of  Society  from 
"  subversion"  to  "  order" — from  the  time  of 
the  "  curse"  to  the  time  of  '*  redemption" — 
from  social  Discord  to  social  Harmony — from 
the  present  state  of  strife,  fraud  and  depra- 
vity, injustice,  oppression,  poverty  and  misery, 
to  one  of  concord,  truth  and  virtue,  justice, 
liberty,  abundance  and  happiness— from  self- 
ishness and  enmity  to  benevolence  and  love — 
from  wickedness  to  righteousness,  according 
to  the  promise  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  re- 
velations of  Science  concerning  Man's  destiny 
on  earth. 

The  North  American  Phalanx  is  designed 
to  be  this  Model  Association,  and  it  appeals 
to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  great  cause 
of  Human  Progress  and  the  Elevation  of  Man- 
kind to  their  destiny,  to  come  forward  and 
aid  in  establishing  it.  The  Philanthropist 
will  find  in  it  the  highest  end  to  which  he 
can  direct  his  benevolence — the  Capitalist  will 
find  in  it  the  amplest  and  most  unequivocal 
guaranty  of  safety  and  profit  for  the  invest- 
ment of  his  money,  and  the  man  who  wants 
a  comfortable  and  happy  home  will  find  in  it 
all  that  he  can  desire  or  aspire  after. 

Valuable  privileges  will  be  secured  to  Stock- 
holders who  do  not  desire  to  become  resident 
members  at  present — they  will  have  a  prior 
right  to  admission  as  members  at  a  future 
time — of  boarding  durmg  the  summer  season 
in  the  Association,  which  will  be  a  most  de- 
lightful retreat,  and  of  sending  their  children 
to  a  school  in  which  they  will  receive  a  tho- 
rough scientific  and  industrial  education — a 
full  and  complete  physical  and  mental  deve- 
lopment. 

The  Capital  Stock  of  the  Association  is 
^400,000— of  which  it  will  be  required  that 
about  one-half  shall  be  subscribed  in  Cash : 
the  balance  can  be  filled  up  by  Labor  and 
materials  for  buildmg,  furnishing,  stocking, 
etc. 

As  soon  as  the  required  amount  of  Stock  is 
subscribed  for,  or  proposals  are  made  for  it,  a 
meeting  of  the  proposed  Stockholders  will  be 


called,  and  measures  taken  by  them  for  the 
disposition  of  the  money,  for  its  safe  and 
proper  investment,  the  time  and  mode  of  re- 
ceiving it,  the  manner  of  its  application,  and 
such  other  necessary  arrangements  as  shall 
secure  to  all  interested  the  most  absolute  cer- 
tainty of  safety  and  the  greatest  benefit. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  distinctly  that  the 
Control,  Charge  and  Disposition  of  the  funds 
of  the  Association,  will  be  entirely  in  the 
hands  of  the  Stockholders.  The  persons  en- 
gaged in  forming  the  North  American  Pha- 
lanx have  no  private  ends  to  subserve,  and 
each  and  all  of  the  present  Direction  will 
willingly  relinquish  the  charge  of  Organiza- 
tion, for  which  only  they  are  appointed,  in 
favor  of  persons  selected  by  the  Stockholders 
better  qualified  for  the  discharge  of  the  duties 
incumbent  on  their  offices. 

It  maybe  asked  whether  a  Charter  will  be 
obtained — the  answer  to  this  question  is  that 
the  laws  of  the  State  in  which  the  Associa- 
tion is  located  will  be  complied  with,  and  if  it 
should  be  advisable  or  necessary,  a  Charter 
will  be  obtained,  but  this  cannot  be  decided 
upon  until  the  location  is  fixed.  Where  the 
laws  do  not  require  that  a  Company  shall 
have  a  Charter  to  do  business,  it  is  not  deemed 
necessary  for  an  Industrial  Association  to  have 
a  Charter,  as  the  dealings  will  all  be  in  Cash, 
and  under  the  immediate  direction  of  those 
interested. 

It  is  hoped  that  during  the  ensuing  Spring 
and  Summer,  an  amount  sufficient  will  be 
subscribed  to  warrant  the  commencement  of 
practical  operations  in  the  Fall  of  the  present 
year;  the  time  which  will  intervene  will  en- 
able those  who  desire  to  join  the  Association, 
to  make  such  a  disposition  of  their  property 
and  such  an  arrangement  of  their  affairs,  as 
to  meet  the  first  instalment  which  will  be  re- 
quired (in  the  Fall).  Those  Stockholders 
who  desire  it  can  take  part  in  the  Construc- 
tion and  Organization  of  the  Association,  and 
thereby  increase  the  amount  of  their  Stock  by 
Labor,  which  will  be  paid  for  at  fair  rates  of 
compensation  in  Shares  of  the  Stock  of  the 
Association.  If  commenced  in  the  Fall,  it 
will  be  ready  in  the  following  Spring  for  the 
reception  of  members  and  their  families. 

From  80  to  100  families  (averaging  five 
members),  and  from  100  to  200  single  adults, 
male  and  female,  are  about  the  proportion  of 
persons  it  is  desirable  to  obtain  as  resident 
members.  The  terms  of  admission  cannot  be 
determined  until  proposals  for  subscription 
have  been  made  to  a  sufficient  amount. 
Those  who  propose  for  Stock  and  desire  to 
become  members  are  requested  to  state  ages 
and  occupations :  before  they  are  admitted 
they  will  be  required  to  give  satisfactory  tes- 
timonials in  regard  to  general  character  and 
ability,  but  this  need  not  be  done  at  the  time 
they  propose  for  Stock. 

The  location  of  the  Association  will  be  se- 
lected by  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Stock- 
holders; for  many  reasons  it  is  desirable  that 
it  should  be  easily  accessible  to  one  or  more 
of  the  large  eastern  cities— New  York,  Phi- 


ARTICLES  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  NORTH  A3IERICAN  PHALANX. 


ladelphia  or  Baltimore,  and  ii  is  proposed  that 
it  should  be  situated  within  50  or  100  miles 
of  one  of  these  cities,  in  either  of  the  States 
of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  or 
Delaware.  Immense  advantages  will  be  de- 
rived from  proximity  to  a  large  market,  on 
account  of  many  conveniences  it  will  afford, 
and  the  ready  sale  it  will  offer  for  a  great  va- 
riety of  products  which  would  occupy  profit- 
ably women  and  children,  and  serve  to  render 
Industry  Attractive, — fruits,  vegetables,  flow- 
ers, poultry,  etc.,  and  many  light  species  of 
manufactures,  confectionary,  conserves,  etc. 
etc.  The  first  Association  must  avail  itself 
of  all  advantages  thus  afforded  by  a  good 
market  for  light  products  of  Industry,  which 
as  soon  as  Association  becomes  more  general, 
need  not  be  considered.  It  is  also  believed 
that  the  difference  in  the  price  of  land  be- 
tween a  seaboard  and  an  interior  location  in 
favor  of  the  latter,  is  more  than  counter- 
balanced by  the  difference  of  cost  of  materials 
for  construction  and  Labor,  and  the  facility  of 
obtaining  them  connected  with  the  latter. 

Albert  Brisbane  and  Horace  Greeley, 
Esqs.  are  appointed  a  committee  to  receive 
proposals,  to  whom  all  communications  must 
be  addressed — post  paid. 

Let  the  friends  of  the  cause  of  Social  Re- 
form throughout  the  country  respond  to  this 
proposal,  and  soon  we  shall  have  the  opening 
of  a  new  era  in  the  progress  of  Humanity — 
one  of  light,  and  life,  and  enthusiastic  joy ! 


ARTICLES  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE 
NORTH  AMERICAN  PHALANX. 


The  subscribers  to  these  Articles  have  as- 
sociated, and  hereby  do  associate  themselves 
and  all  other  persons  who  shall  unite  with 
them  as  hereinafter  provided,  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  and  founding  a  Domestic  and 
Industrial  Association.  And  the  subscribers, 
for  themselves  and  their  assigns,  hereby  mu- 
tually agree  and  bind  themselves  to  the  per- 
formance of  the  covenants  and  engagements 
herein  contained. 

ARTICLE   L 

Sec.  L  The  name  adopted  by  this  Associa- 
tion and  which  shall  be  used  in  its  dealings, 
shall  be  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  PI&- 
LANX. 

Sec  2.  Its  location  shall  be  as  near  the 
city  of  New  York  or  Philadelphia  as  may  be 
practicable. 

Sec.  3.  The  business  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Phalanx  shall  be  the  prosecution  of  Agri- 
culture, Manufactures,  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Education,  and  Domestic  Industry,  according 
to  the  Associative  System  discovered  by 
Charles  Fourier. 

Sec.  4.  The  Capital  of  the  North  American 
Phalanx  shall  be  $400,000,  which  may,  by  a 
vole  of  the  Stockholders  holding  a  majority 
of  the  Capital  Stock  then  existing,  be  in- 


creased at  any  future  time,  and  shall  be  di- 
vided into  Shares  of  $oO  each;  and  operations 
shall  be  commenced  ichen  an  amount  of  Stock 
is  subscribed  for  and  paid  in,  which,  in  the 
judgment  of  the  President  and  Directors^ 
shall  warrant  a  commencement. 

Sec.  5.  The  members  of  the  Association, 
composed  of  families  and  single  persons,  shall 
not  exceed  in  number  six  hundred  individuals 
in  the  commencement. 

Sec.  6.  The  lands,  buildings,  flocks,  machi- 
nery, implements  and  other  property, — that 
is,  the  Real  and  Personal  Estate  of  the  Pha- 
lanx, shall  be  represented  by  Stock,  divided 
into  shares,  as  provided  for  in  Art.  1,  Sec.  4. 

ARTICLE   II. 

Sec.  1.  The  affairs  of  the  North  American 
Phalanx  shall  be  administered  and  managed 
during  its  organization,  and  until  it  is  fully  in 
operation,  by  a  President,  Vice-President  and 
twelve  Directors. 

Sec.  2.  The  President,  Vice-President  and 
Directors  shall  hold  office  until  the  Associa- 
tion is  organized  and  in  operation. 

Sec.  3.  The  Vice-President  shall  preside  at 
the  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  except 
in  case  of  acting  as  President,  when  a  Chair- 
man pro.  tem.  shall  be  appointed. 

Sec.  4.  The  neglect  of  duty,  or  the  repeated 
non-attendance  of  a  Director  at  the  Meetings 
of  the  Board,  shall  be  considered  a  vacation 
of  office,  and  his  place  shall  be  filled  by  the 
Board. 

Sec.  5.  The  President  or  Vice-President 
may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  Directors, 
be  declared  incompetent  to  perform  the  duties 
of  office,  and  a  meeting  of  the  Stockholders 
called,  who  shall  fill  his  place. 

ARTICLE   m. 

Sec.  J .  The  President  in  conjunction  with 
the  Board  of  Directors  shall  direct,  manage 
and  superintend  the  organization  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  distribution  of  its  material 
mechanism. 

Sec.  2.  The  President  may  veto  any  mea- 
siu"e,  plan  or  proposition,  adopted  by  the  Board 
of  Directors. 

Sec.  3.  Any  measure,  plan  or  proposition 
vetoed  by  the  President  may  be  adopted  and 
become  a  law  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Board  of  Directors. 

Sec.  4.  When  the  organization  of  the  As- 
sociation is  completed,  an  internal  Govern- 
ment, administered  by  Councils  elected  by 
the  members,  in  conformity  with  the  princi- 
ples and  regulations  laid  down  by  Charles 
Fourier,  shall  be  established,  and  the  luno- 
tions  of  the  President,  Vice-President  and 
Board  of  Directors  shall  cease. 

ARTICLE  rv. 

Sec.  1.  A  person  may  be  a  stockholder 
without  being  a  resident  member  of  the  Pha- 
lanx, and  a  member  without  being  a  stock- 
holder. 

Sec.  2.  Admission  as  a  member  in  the  As- 
sociation shall,  in  the  commencement,  be 


80 


ARTICLES  OF  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  PHALA??X. 


decided  upon  by  the  President  and  Board  of 
Directors. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Sec.  1.  A  meeting  of  the  stockholders  shall 
be  held  in  such  place  as  the  Board  of  Di- 
rectors may  appoint,  twice  in  each  year,  on 
the  first  Monday  in  December  and  on  the  first 
Monday  in  June — of  which  meetings  written 
notice  shall  be  given  to  each  stockholder  at 
least  three  weeks  previous,  and  the  first  meet- 
ing of  the  stockholders  shall  be  held  at  such 
time  and  place  as  the  Board  of  Directors  shall 
appoint. 

Sec.  2.  At  every  semi-annual  meeting  of 
the  stockholders  a  full  statement  of  tlie  affairs 
of  the  Association,  signed  by  the  President 
and  Directors,  shall  be  presented. 

Sec.  3.  Every  stockholder  shall  have  a  vote 
for  the  first  share  of  capital  stock,  and  one 
vote  for  every  five  shares  thereafter,  but  in  no 
case  shall  a  stockholder  have  more  than 
twenty  votes. 

Sec.  4.  The  books  and  affairs  of  the  Asso- 
ciation shall  always  be  open  to  the  examina- 
tion of  any  stockholder. 

Sec.  5.  Special  meetings  of  the  stockholders 
may  be  called  by  the  President  or  Board  of 
Directors. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

Sec.  1.  At  the  semi-annual  meeting  in  De- 
cember the  total  product  of  the  Association 
for  the  year  shall  be  ascertained  and  a  gene- 
ral settlement  of  accounts  shall  take  place. 

Sec.  2.  Out  of  the  total  product  shall  be 
first  deducted  the  taxes,  insurance  and  re- 
pairs, and  the  balance  shall  then  be  divided 
as  follows : — 

One  quarter  shall  be  paid  as  a  dividend 
upon  the  capital  stock  to  the  stockholders, 
and  the  remaining  three  quarters  shall  he  di- 
vided among  those  who  perform  the  labor, 
according  to  the  system  laid  down  by  Charles 
Fourier  for  the  distribution  of  profits,  with 
such  modifications  and  exceptions  ai  circum- 
stances may,  in  the  opinion  of  the  President 
and  Board  of  Directors,  require. 

Sec.  3.  The  stockholders  or  any  of  them 
•may,  at  the  time  of  subscribing,  elect  to  re- 
ceive, after  the  first  year,  in  lieu  of  the  divi- 
dend of  one-quarter  of  the  product,  a  fixed 
dividend  of  eight  per  cent.,  which  shall  be 
paid  out  of  the  three-quarters  allotted  to  la- 
bor, and  the  dividend  of  one-quarter  of  the 
product  w-hich  would  have  been  paid  to  such 
stockholders,  shall  be  credited  to  Labor. 

Sec.  4.  The  above  privilege  shall  extend 
only  to  those  stockholders  who  invest  a  cash 
capital,  unless  with  the  consent  of  the  Presi- 
dent and  Directors.  The  stockholders  who 
elect  to  receive  eight  per  cent,  shall  receive 
for  the  first  year  as  a  dividend  their  propor- 
tion of  the  quarter  of  the  total  product  of  the 
Association.  /r 

ARTICLE   VII. 

Sec.  ] .  The  Fourier  Association  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  having  recommended  the  fol- 
lowing persons  for  Officers  and  a  part  of  the 
Board  of  Directors,— 


President. 

Albert  Brisbane. 

Vice-President. 
Frederick  Grain. 
Directors. 
Horace  Greeley,        Edward  Giles, 
Michael  A.  Gauvin,    John  T.  S.  Smith, 
•PiERRo  Maroncelli,    Osborne  Macdaniel. 
— the  undersigned  Associates  hereby  choose 
and  appoint  the  above-named  persons  as  Pre- 
sident, Vice-President  and  Directors,  and  to 
them  and  their  substitutes  to  be  from  time  to 
time   appointed   in    the   manner  hereinafter 
stated,  the   said  Associates  for  themselves, 
representatives  and  assigns,  have  granted  and 
do  hereby  individually  and  collectively  grant 
full  power  and  authority  to  organize  the  As- 
sociation, and  to  exercise  any  and  every  power 
atid  privilege  which  are  necessary  thereto. 

Sec.  2.  The  stockholders  shall' elect  six  Di- 
rectors, vAio  are  necessary  to  complete  the 
Board. 

Sec.  3.  The  Directors,  or  a  quorum,  shall 
fill  any  vacancies  which  may  occur  in  the 
Board  of  Directors.  A  majority  of  the  Direc- 
tors shall  form  a  quorum. 

Sec.  4.  The  Board  of  Directors  may,  at  any 
time  before  the  Association  is  commenced  or 
while  it  is  in  progress,  propose  amendments 
or  alterations  to  these  articles,  which  shall  be 
laid  before  tlie  stockholders,  and  if  a  number 
of  shareholders  holding  a  majority  of  all  the 
shares  of  the  capital  stock,  then  existing, 
shall  consent  to  such  amendments,  then  sucli 
amendments  or  alterations  shall  become  » 
portion  of  these  articles. 

ARTICLE  VIIL 

Sec.  1.  The  President  and  Board  of  Direc- 
tors shall  have  no  power  to  contract  any  loan  or 
incur  any  debt  in  the  name  of  the  Association. 

Which  Articles,  We,  the  Associates,  for 
ourselves  and  our  respective  executors,  admi- 
nistrators and  assigns,  do  hereby  severally 
and  mutually  covenant  and  agree  to  stand  to, 
abide  by  and  perform — and  in  testimony 
hereof  we  have  to  these  presents  set  our 
hands  and  seals. 

THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  PHALANX. 

A  WEEKLY  PAPER  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Social 

RefoT7n  and  the  Social  Elevation  of  Man. 

It  is  designed  that  this  paper  shall  be  the  leading 
organ  of  Association  in  this  country,— discuss  ques- 
tions of  the  highest  order,— religious,  philosopliical, 
social,  and  jjolitical, — explain  at  large  the  principles 
and  doctrines  of  Charles  Tourier's  social  science,  and 
keep  a  general  record  of  the  progress  of  the  doctrine, 
and  all  practical  movements  throughout  the  world.  It 
will  contain  translations  and  extracts  from  the  writ- 
ings of  tlie  School  of  Fourier  in  Europe,  and  will  be 
contributed  to  by  several  able  writers  in  this  country. 
It  v;ill  be  published  as  soon  as  a  subscription  list  is 
obtained,  which  will  put  it  upon  a  sure  and  permanent 
foundation.  Price  $2  per  annum.  Postmasters  and 
others  who  will  send  us  a  list  of  five  subscribers,  shali 
receive  one  copy  extra.  The  monpy  uill  not  he  re- 
quired until  tlie  receipt  of  the  first  number ;  but  ail 
subscriptions  must  be  made  free-postage,  which  may 
be  done  tlirough  Postmasters. 

Address  A.  Brisbane  or  0.  Macdaniel,  to  either  of 
whom  all  inquiries  concerning  Association  may  b» 
directed.  j    .  New-York,  March  ZOth,  1843. 


'Wf  V  "^'  'Sz:*-'"' 


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